United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Zusammenfassung
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) entered into force in 1994. Meanwhile, it has been ratified by about 160 states, including all the Member states of the EU and the EU itself. The Convention defines the rights and duties of states with regard to the use of the seas. UNCLOS consolidates customary international law and various conventions previously adopted by the international community. This Treaty, the most comprehensive ever concluded, is often referred to as ‘the constitution for the seas’. The commentary employs a systematic methodology whereby each provision is examined and analysed element by element. The issue of the suitability of the Convention to deal with the challenges facing the modern law of the sea, such as the exploration and exploitation of non-mineral resources or the protection of the marine environment in general, occupies a central editorial focus of this work.
The commentary deals with all the provisions of the Convention article-by-article.
Alexander Proelss is Professor of Public International Law at the University of Trier, specialising in the law of the sea. The authors are renowned experts on the law of the sea from all over he world.
- I–LII Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis I–LII
- 1–17 Preamble 1–17
- 17–27 Part I: Introduction 17–27
- Article 1. Use of terms and scope
- 27–272 Part II: Territorial sea and contiguous 27–272
- 27–34 Section 1. General provisions 27–34
- Article 2. Legal status of the territorial sea, of the air space over the territorial sea and of its bed and subsoil
- 34–176 Section 2. Limits of the territorial sea 34–176
- 34–41 Article 3. Breadth of the territorial sea 34–41
- 41–45 Article 4. Outer limit of the territorial sea 41–45
- 45–60 Article 5. Normal baseline 45–60
- 60–65 Article 6. Reefs 60–65
- 65–84 Article 7. Straight baselines 65–84
- 84–96 Article 8. Internal waters 84–96
- 96–105 Article 9. Mouths of rivers 96–105
- 105–119 Article 10. Bays 105–119
- 119–128 Article 11. Ports 119–128
- 128–131 Article 12. Roadsteads 128–131
- 131–147 Article 13. Low-tide elevations 131–147
- 147–149 Article 14. Combination of methods for determining baselines 147–149
- 149–167 Article 15. Delimitation of the territorial sea between States with opposite or adjacent coasts 149–167
- 167–176 Article 16. Charts and lists of geographical coordinates 167–176
- 176–254 Section 3. Innocent passage in the territorial sea 176–254
- 176–181 Article 17. Right of innocent passage 176–181
- 181–186 Article 18. Meaning of passage 181–186
- 186–196 Article 19. Meaning of innocent passage 186–196
- 196–199 Article 20. Submarines and other underwater vehicles 196–199
- 199–208 Article 21. Laws and regulations of the coastal State relating to innocent passage 199–208
- 208–213 Article 22. Sea lanes and traffic separation schemes in the territorial sea 208–213
- 213–217 Article 23. Foreign nuclear-powered ships and ships carrying nuclear or other inherently dangerous or noxious substances 213–217
- 217–222 Article 24. Duties of the coastal State 217–222
- 222–226 Article 25. Rights of protection of the coastal State 222–226
- 226–229 Article 26. Charges which may be levied on foreign ships 226–229
- 229–237 Article 27. Criminal jurisdiction on board a foreign ship 229–237
- 237–241 Article 28. Civil jurisdiction in relation to foreign ships 237–241
- 241–244 Article 29. Definition of warships 241–244
- 244–248 Article 30. Non-compliance by warships with the laws and regulations of the coastal State 244–248
- 248–250 Article 31. Responsibility of the flag State for damage caused by a warship or other government ship operated for non-commercial purposes 248–250
- 250–254 Article 32. Immunities of warships and other government ships operated for non-commercial purposes 250–254
- 254–272 Section 4. Contiguous zone 254–272
- Article 33. Contiguous zone
- 272–334 Part III: Straits used for international navigation 272–334
- 272–287 Section 1. General provisions 272–287
- 272–276 Article 34. Legal status of waters forming straits used for international navigation 272–276
- 276–284 Article 35. Scope of this Part 276–284
- 284–287 Article 36. High seas routes or routes through exclusive economic zones through straits used for international navigation 284–287
- 287–327 Section 2. Transit passage 287–327
- 287–293 Article 37. Scope of this section 287–293
- 293–300 Article 38. Right of transit passage 293–300
- 300–305 Article 39. Duties of ships and aircraft during transit passage 300–305
- 305–307 Article 40. Research and survey activities 305–307
- 307–313 Article 41. Sea lanes and traffic separation schemes in straits used for international navigation 307–313
- 313–320 Article 42. Laws and regulations of States bordering straits relating to transit passage 313–320
- 320–324 Article 43. Navigational and safety aids and other improvements and the prevention, reduction and control of pollution 320–324
- 324–327 Article 44. Duties of States bordering straits 324–327
- 327–334 Section 3. Innocent passage 327–334
- Article 45. Innocent passage
- 334–408 Part IV: Archipelagic states 334–408
- 334–352 Article 46. Use of terms 334–352
- 352–374 Article 47. Archipelagic baselines 352–374
- 374–376 Article 48. Measurement of the breadth of the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf 374–376
- 376–379 Article 49. Legal status of archipelagic waters, of the air space over archipelagic waters and of their bed and subsoil 376–379
- 379–382 Article 50. Delimitation of internal waters 379–382
- 382–389 Article 51. Existing agreements, traditional fishing rights and existing submarine cables 382–389
- 389–393 Article 52. Right of innocent passage 389–393
- 393–404 Article 53. Right of archipelagic sea lanes passage 393–404
- 404–408 Article 54. Duties of ships and aircraft during their passage, research and survey activities, duties of the archipelagic State and laws and regulations of the archipelagic State relating to archipela... 404–408
- 408–587 Part V: Exclusive economic zone 408–587
- 408–418 Article 55. Specific legal regime of the exclusive economic zone 408–418
- 418–437 Article 56. Rights, jurisdiction and duties of the coastal State in the exclusive economic zone 418–437
- 437–444 Article 57. Breadth of the exclusive economic zone 437–444
- 444–458 Article 58. Rights and duties of other States in the exclusive economic zone 444–458
- 458–464 Article 59. Basis for the resolution of conflicts regarding the attribution of rights and jurisdiction in the exclusive economic zone 458–464
- 464–480 Article 60. Artificial islands, installations and structures in the exclusive economic zone 464–480
- 480–493 Article 61. Conservation of the living resources 480–493
- 493–506 Article 62. Utilization of the living resources 493–506
- 506–513 Article 63. Stocks occurring within the exclusive economic zones of two or more coastal States or both within the exclusive economic zone and in an area beyond and adjacent to it 506–513
- 513–519 Article 64. Highly migratory species 513–519
- 519–527 Article 65. Marine mammals 519–527
- 527–536 Article 66. Anadromous stocks 527–536
- 536–540 Article 67. Catadromous species 536–540
- 540–543 Article 68. Sedentary species 540–543
- 543–548 Article 69. Right of land-locked States 543–548
- 548–552 Article 70. Right of geographically disadvantaged States 548–552
- 552–554 Article 71. Non-applicability of articles 69 and 70 552–554
- 554–556 Article 72. Restrictions on transfer of rights 554–556
- 556–563 Article 73. Enforcement of laws and regulations of the coastal State 556–563
- 563–583 Article 74. Delimitation of the exclusive economic zone between States with opposite or adjacent coasts 563–583
- 583–587 Article 75. Charts and lists of geographical coordinates 583–587
- 587–675 Part VI: Continental shelf 587–675
- 587–600 Article 76. Definition of the continental shelf 587–600
- 600–604 Annex II to the Final Act. Statement of understanding concerning a specific method to be used in establishing the outer edge of the continental margin 600–604
- 604–614 Article 77. Rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf 604–614
- 614–618 Article 78. Legal status of the superjacent waters and air space and the rights and freedoms of other States 614–618
- 618–628 Article 79. Submarine cables and pipelines on the continental shelf 618–628
- 628–634 Article 80. Artificial islands, installations and structures on the continental shelf 628–634
- 634–639 Article 81. Drilling on the Continental Shelf 634–639
- 639–651 Article 82. Payments and contributions with respect to the exploitation of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles 639–651
- 651–666 Article 83. Delimitation of the continental shelf between States with opposite or adjacent coasts 651–666
- 666–670 Article 84. Charts and lists of geographical coordinates 666–670
- 670–675 Article 85. Tunnelling 670–675
- 675–858 Part VII: High seas 675–858
- 675–791 Section 1. General provisions 675–791
- 675–678 Article 86. Application of the provisions of this Part 675–678
- 678–682 Article 87. Freedom of the high seas 678–682
- 682–687 Article 88. Reservation of the high seas for peaceful purposes 682–687
- 687–690 Article 89. Invalidity of claims of sovereignty over the high seas 687–690
- 690–692 Article 90. Right of navigation 690–692
- 692–700 Article 91. Nationality of Ships 692–700
- 700–704 Article 92. Status of ships 700–704
- 704–707 Article 93. Ships flying the flag of the United Nations, its specialized agencies and the International Atomic Energy Agency 704–707
- 707–714 Article 94. Duties of the flag State 707–714
- 714–716 Article 95. Immunity of warships on the high seas 714–716
- 716–721 Article 96. Immunity of ships used only on government non-commercial service 716–721
- 721–725 Article 97. Penal jurisdiction in matters of collision or any other incident of navigation 721–725
- 725–730 Article 98. Duty to render assistance 725–730
- 730–733 Article 99. Prohibition of the transport of slaves 730–733
- 733–737 Article 100. Duty to cooperate in the repression of piracy 733–737
- 737–744 Article 101. Definition of piracy 737–744
- 744–746 Article 102. Piracy by a warship, government ship or government aircraft whose crew has mutinied 744–746
- 746–747 Article 103. Definition of a pirate ship or aircraft 746–747
- 747–749 Article 104. Retention or loss of the nationality of a pirate ship or aircraft 747–749
- 749–753 Article 105. Seizure of a pirate ship or aircraft 749–753
- 753–755 Article 106. Liability for seizure without adequate grounds 753–755
- 755–759 Article 107. Ships and aircraft which are entitled to seize on account of piracy 755–759
- 759–763 Article 108. Illicit traffic in narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances 759–763
- 763–767 Article 109. Unauthorized broadcasting from the high seas 763–767
- 767–772 Article 110. Right of visit 767–772
- 772–779 Article 111. Right of hot pursuit 772–779
- 779–782 Article 112. Right to lay submarine cables and pipelines 779–782
- 782–785 Article 113. Breaking or injury of a submarine cable or pipeline 782–785
- 785–788 Article 114. Breaking or injury by owners of a submarine cable or pipeline of another submarine cable or pipeline 785–788
- 788–791 Article 115. Indemnity for loss incurred in avoiding injury to a submarine cable or pipeline 788–791
- 791–858 Section 2. Conservation and management of the living resources of the high seas 791–858
- 791–803 Article 116. Right to fish on the high seas 791–803
- 803–817 Article 117. Duty of States to adopt with respect to their nationals measures for the conservation of the living resources of the high seas 803–817
- 817–830 Article 118. Cooperation of States in the conservation and management of living resources 817–830
- 830–850 Article 119. Conservation of the living resources of the high seas 830–850
- 850–858 Article 120. Marine mammals 850–858
- 858–881 Part VIII: Regime of islands 858–881
- Article 121. Regime of islands
- 881–893 Part IX: Enclosed or semi-enclosed seas 881–893
- 881–886 Article 122. Definition 881–886
- 886–893 Article 123. Cooperation of States bordering enclosed or semi-enclosed seas 886–893
- 893–936 Part X: Right of access of land-locked states to and from the sea and freedom of transit 893–936
- 893–898 Article 124. Use of Terms 893–898
- 898–911 Article 125. Right of access to and from the sea and freedom of transit 898–911
- 911–916 Article 126. Exclusion of application of the most-favoured-nation clause 911–916
- 916–920 Article 127. Customs duties, taxes and other charges 916–920
- 920–924 Article 128. Free zones and other customs facilities 920–924
- 924–927 Article 129. Cooperation in the construction and improvement of means of transport 924–927
- 927–929 Article 130. Measures to avoid or eliminate delays or other difficulties of a technical nature in traffic in transit 927–929
- 929–933 Article 131. Equal treatment in maritime ports 929–933
- 933–936 Article 132. Grant of greater transit facilities 933–936
- 936–1277 Part XI: The area 936–1277
- 936–949 Section 1. General provisions 936–949
- 936–943 Article 133. Use of terms 936–943
- 943–946 Article 134. Scope of this Part 943–946
- 946–949 Article 135. Legal status of the superjacent waters and air space 946–949
- 949–1058 Section 2. Principles governing the Area 949–1058
- 949–957 Article 136. Common heritage of mankind 949–957
- 957–964 Article 137. Legal status of the Area and its resources 957–964
- 964–968 Article 138. General conduct of States in relation to the Area 964–968
- 968–976 Article 139. Responsibility to ensure compliance and liability for damage 968–976
- 976–982 Article 140. Benefit of mankind 976–982
- 982–986 Article 141. Use of the Area exclusively for peaceful purposes 982–986
- 986–989 Article 142. Rights and legitimate interests of coastal States 986–989
- 989–1002 Article 143. Marine scientific research 989–1002
- 1002–1007 Article 144. Transfer of technology 1002–1007
- 1007–1028 Article 145. Protection of the marine environment 1007–1028
- 1028–1035 Article 146. Protection of human life 1028–1035
- 1035–1046 Article 147. Accommodation of activities in the Area and in the marine environment 1035–1046
- 1046–1052 Article 148. Participation of developing States in activities in the Area 1046–1052
- 1052–1058 Article 149. Archaeological and historical objects 1052–1058
- 1058–1097 Section 3. Development of resources of the Area 1058–1097
- 1058–1066 Article 150. Policies relating to activities in the Area 1058–1066
- 1066–1074 Article 151. Production policies 1066–1074
- 1074–1080 Article 152. Exercise of powers and functions by the Authority 1074–1080
- 1080–1089 Article 153. System of exploration and exploitation 1080–1089
- 1089–1092 Article 154. Periodic Review 1089–1092
- 1092–1097 Article 155. The Review Conference 1092–1097
- 1097–1250 Section 4. The Authority 1097–1250
- 1097–1107 Article 156. Establishment of the Authority 1097–1107
- 1107–1115 Article 157. Nature and fundamental principles of the Authority 1107–1115
- 1115–1122 Article 158. Organs of the Authority 1115–1122
- 1122–1132 Article 159. Composition, procedure and voting 1122–1132
- 1132–1148 Article 160. Powers and functions 1132–1148
- 1148–1157 Article 161. Composition, procedure and voting 1148–1157
- 1157–1169 Article 162. Powers and functions 1157–1169
- 1169–1174 Article 163. Organs of the Council 1169–1174
- 1174–1178 Article 164. The Economic Planning Commission 1174–1178
- 1178–1187 Article 165. The Legal and Technical Commission 1178–1187
- 1187–1191 Article 166. The Secretariat 1187–1191
- 1191–1198 Article 167. The staff of the Authority 1191–1198
- 1198–1205 Article 168. International character of the Secretariat 1198–1205
- 1205–1210 Article 169. Consultation and cooperation with international and non-governmental organizations 1205–1210
- 1210–1216 Article 170. The Enterprise 1210–1216
- 1216–1220 Article 171. Funds of the Authority 1216–1220
- 1220–1222 Article 172. Annual budget of the Authority 1220–1222
- 1222–1224 Article 173. Expenses of the Authority 1222–1224
- 1224–1226 Article 174. Borrowing power of the Authority 1224–1226
- 1226–1228 Article 175. Annual audit 1226–1228
- 1228–1232 Article 176. Legal status 1228–1232
- 1232–1236 Article 177. Privileges and immunities 1232–1236
- 1236–1238 Article 178. Immunity from legal process 1236–1238
- 1238–1240 Article 179. Immunity from search and any form of seizure 1238–1240
- 1240–1241 Article 180. Exemption from restrictions, regulations, controls and moratoria 1240–1241
- 1241–1244 Article 181. Archives and official communications of the Authority 1241–1244
- 1244–1246 Article 182. Privileges and immunities of certain persons connected with the Authority 1244–1246
- 1246–1248 Article 183. Exemption from taxes and customs duties 1246–1248
- 1248–1249 Article 184. Suspension of the exercise of voting rights 1248–1249
- 1249–1250 Article 185. Suspension of exercise of rights and privileges of membership 1249–1250
- 1250–1277 Section 5. Settlement of disputes and advisory opinions 1250–1277
- 1250–1254 Article 186. Sea-Bed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea 1250–1254
- 1254–1261 Article 187. Jurisdiction of the Seabed Disputes Chamber 1254–1261
- 1261–1266 Article 188. Submission of disputes to a special chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea or an ad hoc chamber of the Seabed Disputes Chamber or to binding commercial arbitration 1261–1266
- 1266–1271 Article 189. Limitation on jurisdiction with regard to decisions of the Authority 1266–1271
- 1271–1274 Article 190. Participation and appearance of sponsoring States Parties in proceedings 1271–1274
- 1274–1277 Article 191. Advisory opinions 1274–1277
- 1277–1605 Part XII: Protection and preservation of the marine environment 1277–1605
- 1277–1328 Section 1. General provisions 1277–1328
- 1277–1287 Article 192. General obligation 1277–1287
- 1287–1295 Article 193. Sovereign right of States to exploit their natural resources 1287–1295
- 1295–1315 Article 194. Measures to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment 1295–1315
- 1315–1319 Article 195. Duty not to transfer damage or hazards or transform one type of pollution into another 1315–1319
- 1319–1328 Article 196. Use of technologies or introduction of alien or new species 1319–1328
- 1328–1346 Section 2. Global and regional cooperation 1328–1346
- 1328–1333 Article 197. Cooperation on a global or regional basis 1328–1333
- 1333–1338 Article 198. Notification of imminent or actual damage 1333–1338
- 1338–1341 Article 199. Contingency plans against pollution 1338–1341
- 1341–1344 Article 200. Studies, research programmes and exchange of information and data 1341–1344
- 1344–1346 Article 201. Scientific criteria for regulations 1344–1346
- 1346–1356 Section 3. Technical assistance 1346–1356
- 1346–1352 Article 202. Scientific and technical assistance to developing States 1346–1352
- 1352–1356 Article 203. Preferential treatment for developing States 1352–1356
- 1356–1378 Section 4. Monitoring and environmental assessment 1356–1378
- 1356–1364 Article 204. Monitoring of the risks or effects of pollution 1356–1364
- 1364–1369 Article 205. Publication of reports 1364–1369
- 1369–1378 Article 206. Assessment of potential effects of activities 1369–1378
- 1378–1451 Section 5. International rules and national legislation to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment 1378–1451
- 1378–1391 Article 207. Pollution from land-based sources 1378–1391
- 1391–1400 Article 208. Pollution from seabed activities subject to national jurisdiction 1391–1400
- 1400–1407 Article 209. Pollution from activities in the Area 1400–1407
- 1407–1419 Article 210. Pollution by dumping 1407–1419
- 1419–1443 Article 211. Pollution from vessels 1419–1443
- 1443–1451 Article 212. Pollution from or through the atmosphere 1443–1451
- 1451–1527 Section 6. Enforcement 1451–1527
- 1451–1458 Article 213. Enforcement with respect to pollution from land-based sources 1451–1458
- 1458–1463 Article 214. Enforcement with respect to pollution from seabed activities 1458–1463
- 1463–1467 Article 215. Enforcement with respect to pollution from activities in the Area 1463–1467
- 1467–1474 Article 216. Enforcement with respect to pollution by dumping 1467–1474
- 1474–1487 Article 217. Enforcement by flag States 1474–1487
- 1487–1496 Article 218. Enforcement by port States 1487–1496
- 1496–1505 Article 219. Measures relating to seaworthiness of vessels to avoid pollution 1496–1505
- 1505–1512 Article 220. Enforcement by coastal States 1505–1512
- 1512–1521 Article 221. Measures to avoid pollution arising from maritime casualties 1512–1521
- 1521–1527 Article 222. Enforcement with respect to pollution from or through the atmosphere 1521–1527
- 1527–1566 Section 7. Safeguards 1527–1566
- 1527–1531 Article 223. Measures to facilitate proceedings 1527–1531
- 1531–1534 Article 224. Exercise of powers of enforcement 1531–1534
- 1534–1537 Article 225. Duty to avoid adverse consequences in the exercise of the powers of enforcement 1534–1537
- 1537–1544 Article 226. Investigation of foreign vessels 1537–1544
- 1544–1547 Article 227. Non-discrimination with respect to foreign vessels 1544–1547
- 1547–1552 Article 228. Suspension and restrictions on institution of proceedings 1547–1552
- 1552–1554 Article 229. Institution of civil proceedings 1552–1554
- 1554–1557 Article 230. Monetary penalties and the observance of recognized rights of the accused 1554–1557
- 1557–1561 Article 231. Notification to the flag State and other States concerned 1557–1561
- 1561–1563 Article 232. Liability of States arising from enforcement measures 1561–1563
- 1563–1566 Article 233. Safeguards with respect to straits used for international navigation 1563–1566
- 1566–1585 Section 8. Ice-covered areas 1566–1585
- Article 234. Ice-covered areas
- 1585–1591 Section 9. Responsibility and liability 1585–1591
- Article 235. Responsibility and liability
- 1591–1596 Section 10. Sovereign immunity 1591–1596
- Article 236. Sovereign immunity
- 1596–1605 Section 11. Obligations under other conventions on the protection and preservation of the marine environment 1596–1605
- Article 237. Obligations under other conventions on the protection and preservation of the marine environment
- 1605–1764 Part XIII: Marine scientific research 1605–1764
- 1605–1630 Section 1. General provisions 1605–1630
- 1605–1614 Article 238. Right to conduct marine scientific research 1605–1614
- 1614–1617 Article 239. Promotion of marine scientific research 1614–1617
- 1617–1624 Article 240. General principles for the conduct of marine scientific research 1617–1624
- 1624–1630 Article 241. Non-recognition of marine scientific research activities as the legal basis for claims 1624–1630
- 1630–1643 Section 2. International cooperation 1630–1643
- 1630–1636 Article 242. Promotion of international cooperation 1630–1636
- 1636–1639 Article 243. Creation of favourable conditions 1636–1639
- 1639–1643 Article 244. Publication and dissemination of information and knowledge 1639–1643
- 1643–1731 Section 3. Conduct and promotion of marine scientific research 1643–1731
- 1643–1649 Article 245. Marine scientific research in the territorial sea 1643–1649
- 1649–1664 Article 246. Marine scientific research in the exclusive economic zone and on the continental shelf 1649–1664
- 1664–1673 Article 247. Marine scientific research projects undertaken by or under the auspices of international organizations 1664–1673
- 1673–1679 Article 248. Duty to provide information to the coastal State 1673–1679
- 1679–1690 Article 249. Duty to comply with certain conditions 1679–1690
- 1690–1693 Article 250. Communications concerning marine scientific research projects 1690–1693
- 1693–1696 Article 251. General criteria and guidelines 1693–1696
- 1696–1700 Article 252. Implied consent 1696–1700
- 1700–1707 Article 253. Suspension or cessation of marine scientific research activities 1700–1707
- 1707–1713 Article 254. Rights of neighbouring land-locked and geographically disadvantaged States 1707–1713
- 1713–1717 Article 255. Measures to facilitate marine scientific research and assist research vessels 1713–1717
- 1717–1725 Article 256. Marine scientific research in the Area 1717–1725
- 1725–1731 Article 257. Marine scientific research in the water column beyond the exclusive economic zone 1725–1731
- 1731–1749 Section 4. Scientific research installations or equipment in the marine environment 1731–1749
- 1731–1738 Article 258. Deployment and use 1731–1738
- 1738–1740 Article 259. Legal status 1738–1740
- 1740–1744 Article 260. Safety zones 1740–1744
- 1744–1746 Article 261. Non-interference with shipping routes 1744–1746
- 1746–1749 Article 262. Identification markings and warning signals 1746–1749
- 1749–1757 Section 5. Responsibility and liability 1749–1757
- Article 263. Responsibility and liability
- 1757–1764 Section 6. Settlement of disputes and interim measures 1757–1764
- 1757–1761 Article 264. Settlement of disputes 1757–1761
- 1761–1764 Article 265. Interim measures 1761–1764
- 1764–1813 Part XIV: Development and transfer of marine technology 1764–1813
- 1764–1788 Section 1. General provisions 1764–1788
- 1764–1774 Article 266. Promotion of the development and transfer of marine technology 1764–1774
- 1774–1778 Article 267. Protection of legitimate interests 1774–1778
- 1778–1783 Article 268. Basic objectives 1778–1783
- 1783–1788 Article 269. Measures to achieve the basic objectives 1783–1788
- 1788–1801 Section 2. International cooperation 1788–1801
- 1788–1791 Article 270. Ways and means of international cooperation 1788–1791
- 1791–1793 Article 271. Guidelines, criteria and standards 1791–1793
- 1793–1796 Article 272. Coordination of international programmes 1793–1796
- 1796–1797 Article 273. Cooperation with international organizations and the Authority 1796–1797
- 1797–1801 Article 274. Objectives of the Authority 1797–1801
- 1801–1807 Section 3. National and regional marine scientific and technological centres 1801–1807
- 1801–1803 Article 275. Establishment of national centres 1801–1803
- 1803–1806 Article 276. Establishment of regional centres 1803–1806
- 1806–1807 Article 277. Functions of regional centres 1806–1807
- 1807–1813 Section 4. Cooperation among international organizations 1807–1813
- Article 278. Cooperation among international organizations
- 1813–1937 Part XV: Settlement of disputes 1813–1937
- 1813–1844 Section 1. General provisions 1813–1844
- 1813–1817 Article 279. Obligation to settle disputes by peaceful means 1813–1817
- 1817–1820 Article 280. Settlement of disputes by any peaceful means chosen by the parties 1817–1820
- 1820–1825 Article 281. Procedure where no settlement has been reached by the parties 1820–1825
- 1825–1830 Article 282. Obligations under general, regional or bilateral agreements 1825–1830
- 1830–1838 Article 283. Obligation to exchange views 1830–1838
- 1838–1841 Article 284. Conciliation 1838–1841
- 1841–1844 Article 285. Application of this section to disputes submitted pursuant to Part XI 1841–1844
- 1844–1906 Section 2. Compulsory procedures entailing binding decisions 1844–1906
- 1844–1849 Article 286. Application of procedures under this section 1844–1849
- 1849–1857 Article 287. Choice of procedure 1849–1857
- 1857–1863 Article 288. Jurisdiction 1857–1863
- 1863–1866 Article 289. Experts 1863–1866
- 1866–1878 Article 290. Provisional measures 1866–1878
- 1878–1881 Article 291. Access 1878–1881
- 1881–1893 Article 292. Prompt release of vessels and crews 1881–1893
- 1893–1896 Article 293. Applicable law 1893–1896
- 1896–1900 Article 294. Preliminary proceedings 1896–1900
- 1900–1903 Article 295. Exhaustion of local remedies 1900–1903
- 1903–1906 Article 296. Finality and binding force of decisions 1903–1906
- 1906–1937 Section 3. Limitations and exceptions to applicability of section 2 1906–1937
- 1906–1918 Article 297. Limitations on applicability of section 2 1906–1918
- 1918–1932 Article 298. Optional exceptions to applicability of section 2 1918–1932
- 1932–1937 Article 299. Right of the parties to agree upon a procedure 1932–1937
- 1937–1968 Part XVI: General provisions 1937–1968
- 1937–1943 Article 300. Good faith and abuse of rights 1937–1943
- 1943–1947 Article 301. Peaceful uses of the seas 1943–1947
- 1947–1950 Article 302. Disclosure of information 1947–1950
- 1950–1961 Article 303. Archaeological and historical objects found at sea 1950–1961
- 1961–1968 Article 304. Responsibility and liability for damage 1961–1968
- 1968–2049 Part XVII: Final provisions 1968–2049
- 1968–1979 Article 305. Signature 1968–1979
- 1979–1983 Article 306. Ratification and formal confirmation 1979–1983
- 1983–1985 Article 307. Accession 1983–1985
- 1985–1992 Article 308. Entry into force 1985–1992
- 1992–2001 Article 309. Reservations and exceptions 1992–2001
- 2001–2009 Article 310. Declarations and Statements 2001–2009
- 2009–2019 Article 311. Relation to other conventions and international agreements 2009–2019
- 2019–2023 Article 312. Amendment 2019–2023
- 2023–2025 Article 313. Amendment by simplified procedure 2023–2025
- 2025–2028 Article 314. Amendments to the provisions of this Convention relating exclusively to activities in the Area 2025–2028
- 2028–2030 Article 315. Signature, ratification of, accession to and authentic texts of amendments 2028–2030
- 2030–2033 Article 316. Entry into force of amendments 2030–2033
- 2033–2037 Article 317. Denunciation 2033–2037
- 2037–2039 Article 318. Status of Annexes 2037–2039
- 2039–2044 Article 319. Depositary 2039–2044
- 2044–2049 Article 320. Authentic texts 2044–2049
- 2049–2067 Annex I: Highly migratory species 2049–2067
- 2067–2113 Annex II: Commission on the limits of the continental shelf 2067–2113
- 2067–2069 Article 1 2067–2069
- 2069–2076 Article 2 2069–2076
- 2076–2081 Article 3 2076–2081
- 2081–2087 Article 4 2081–2087
- 2087–2093 Article 5 2087–2093
- 2093–2098 Article 6 2093–2098
- 2098–2100 Article 7 2098–2100
- 2100–2104 Article 8 2100–2104
- 2104–2113 Article 9 2104–2113
- 2113–2275 Annex III: Basic conditions of prospecting, exploration and exploitation 2113–2275
- 2113–2117 Article 1. Title to minerals 2113–2117
- 2117–2126 Article 2. Prospecting 2117–2126
- 2126–2135 Article 3. Exploration and exploitation 2126–2135
- 2135–2147 Article 4. Qualifications of applicants 2135–2147
- 2147–2154 Article 5. Transfer of technology 2147–2154
- 2154–2161 Article 6. Approval of plans of work 2154–2161
- 2161–2166 Article 7. Selection among applicants for production authorizations 2161–2166
- 2166–2177 Article 8. Reservation of areas 2166–2177
- 2177–2189 Article 9. Activities in reserved areas 2177–2189
- 2189–2193 Article 10. Preference and priority among applicants 2189–2193
- 2193–2195 Article 11. Joint arrangements 2193–2195
- 2195–2199 Article 12. Activities carried out by the Enterprise 2195–2199
- 2199–2209 Article 13. Financial terms of contracts 2199–2209
- 2209–2216 Article 14. Transfer of data 2209–2216
- 2216–2224 Article 15. Training programmes 2216–2224
- 2224–2235 Article 16. Exclusive right to explore and exploit 2224–2235
- 2235–2250 Article 17. Rules, regulations and procedures of the Authority 2235–2250
- 2250–2257 Article 18. Penalties 2250–2257
- 2257–2261 Article 19. Revision of contract 2257–2261
- 2261–2263 Article 20. Transfer of rights and obligations 2261–2263
- 2263–2267 Article 21. Applicable law 2263–2267
- 2267–2275 Article 22. Responsibility 2267–2275
- 2275–2311 Annex IV: Statute of the enterprise 2275–2311
- 2275–2278 Article 1. Purposes 2275–2278
- 2278–2282 Article 2. Relationship to the Authority 2278–2282
- 2282–2284 Article 3. Limitation of liability 2282–2284
- 2284–2285 Article 4. Structure 2284–2285
- 2285–2288 Article 5. Governing Board 2285–2288
- 2288–2293 Article 6. Powers and functions of the Governing Board 2288–2293
- 2293–2296 Article 7. Director-General and staff of the Enterprise 2293–2296
- 2296–2297 Article 8. Location 2296–2297
- 2297–2298 Article 9. Reports and financial statements 2297–2298
- 2298–2300 Article 10. Allocation of net income 2298–2300
- 2300–2304 Article 11. Finances 2300–2304
- 2304–2307 Article 12. Operations 2304–2307
- 2307–2311 Article 13. Legal status, privileges and immunities 2307–2311
- 2311–2334 Annex V: Conciliation 2311–2334
- 2311–2328 Section 1. Conciliation procedure pursuant to Section 1 of Part XV 2311–2328
- 2311–2312 Article 1. Institution of proceedings 2311–2312
- 2312–2314 Article 2. List of conciliators 2312–2314
- 2314–2318 Article 3. Constitution of conciliation commission 2314–2318
- 2318–2320 Article 4. Procedure 2318–2320
- 2320–2321 Article 5. Amicable settlement 2320–2321
- 2321–2322 Article 6. Functions of the commission 2321–2322
- 2322–2325 Article 7. Report 2322–2325
- 2325–2326 Article 8. Termination 2325–2326
- 2326–2327 Article 9. Fees and expenses 2326–2327
- 2327–2328 Article 10. Right of parties to modify procedure 2327–2328
- 2328–2334 Section 2. Compulsory submission to conciliation procedure pursuant to section 3 of Part XV 2328–2334
- 2328–2330 Article 11. Institution of proceedings 2328–2330
- 2330–2331 Article 12. Failure to reply or to submit to conciliation 2330–2331
- 2331–2332 Article 13. Competence 2331–2332
- 2332–2334 Article 14. Application of section 1 2332–2334
- 2334–2465 Annex VI: Statute of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea 2334–2465
- 2334–2337 Article 1. General provisions 2334–2337
- 2337–2370 Section 1. Organization of the tribunal 2337–2370
- 2337–2339 Article 2. Composition 2337–2339
- 2339–2341 Article 3. Membership 2339–2341
- 2341–2342 Article 4. Nominations and elections 2341–2342
- 2342–2345 Article 5. Term of office 2342–2345
- 2345–2346 Article 6. Vacancies 2345–2346
- 2346–2347 Article 7. Incompatible activities 2346–2347
- 2347–2349 Article 8. Conditions relating to participation of members in a particular case 2347–2349
- 2349–2350 Article 9. Consequence of ceasing to fulfil required conditions 2349–2350
- 2350–2352 Article 10. Privileges and immunities 2350–2352
- 2352–2353 Article 11. Solemn declaration by members 2352–2353
- 2353–2355 Article 12. President, Vice-President and Registrar 2353–2355
- 2355–2357 Article 13. Quorum 2355–2357
- 2357–2358 Article 14. Seabed Disputes Chamber 2357–2358
- 2358–2362 Article 15. Special chambers 2358–2362
- 2362–2363 Article 16. Rules of the Tribunal 2362–2363
- 2363–2366 Article 17. Nationality of members 2363–2366
- 2366–2369 Article 18. Remuneration of members 2366–2369
- 2369–2370 Article 19. Expenses of the Tribunal 2369–2370
- 2370–2387 Section 2. Competence 2370–2387
- 2370–2374 Article 20. Access to the Tribunal 2370–2374
- 2374–2383 Article 21. Jurisdiction 2374–2383
- 2383–2384 Article 22. Reference of disputes subject to other agreements 2383–2384
- 2384–2387 Article 23. Applicable law 2384–2387
- 2387–2453 Section 3. Procedure 2387–2453
- 2387–2395 Article 24. Institution of proceedings 2387–2395
- 2395–2400 Article 25. Provisional measures 2395–2400
- 2400–2406 Article 26. Hearing 2400–2406
- 2406–2412 Article 27. Conduct of case 2406–2412
- 2412–2422 Article 28. Default 2412–2422
- 2422–2425 Article 29. Majority for decision 2422–2425
- 2425–2430 Article 30. Judgment 2425–2430
- 2430–2435 Article 31. Request to intervene 2430–2435
- 2435–2439 Article 32. Right to intervene in cases of interpretation or application 2435–2439
- 2439–2451 Article 33. Finality and binding force of decisions 2439–2451
- 2451–2453 Article 34. Costs 2451–2453
- 2453–2463 Section 4. Seabed disputes chamber 2453–2463
- 2453–2455 Article 35. Composition 2453–2455
- 2455–2457 Article 36. Ad hoc chambers 2455–2457
- 2457–2458 Article 37. Access 2457–2458
- 2458–2459 Article 38. Applicable law 2458–2459
- 2459–2461 Article 39. Enforcement of decisions of the Chamber 2459–2461
- 2461–2463 Article 40. Applicability of other sections of this Annex 2461–2463
- 2463–2465 Section 5. Amendments 2463–2465
- Article 41. Amendments
- 2465–2491 Annex VII: Arbitration 2465–2491
- 2465–2467 Article 1. Institution of proceedings 2465–2467
- 2467–2470 Article 2. List of arbitrators 2467–2470
- 2470–2474 Article 3. Constitution of arbitral tribunal 2470–2474
- 2474–2475 Article 4. Functions of arbitral tribunal 2474–2475
- 2475–2477 Article 5. Procedure 2475–2477
- 2477–2479 Article 6. Duties of parties to a dispute 2477–2479
- 2479–2480 Article 7. Expenses 2479–2480
- 2480–2482 Article 8. Required majority for decisions 2480–2482
- 2482–2483 Article 9. Default of appearance 2482–2483
- 2483–2486 Article 10. Award 2483–2486
- 2486–2487 Article 11. Finality of award 2486–2487
- 2487–2489 Article 12. Interpretation or implementation of award 2487–2489
- 2489–2491 Article 13. Application to entities other than States Parties 2489–2491
- 2491–2512 Annex VIII: Special arbitration 2491–2512
- 2491–2498 Article 1. Institution of proceedings 2491–2498
- 2498–2502 Article 2. Lists of experts 2498–2502
- 2502–2505 Article 3. Constitution of special arbitral tribunal 2502–2505
- 2505–2508 Article 4. General provisions 2505–2508
- 2508–2512 Article 5. Fact finding 2508–2512
- 2512–2553 Annex IX: Participation by international organization 2512–2553
- 2512–2517 Article 1. Use of terms 2512–2517
- 2517–2522 Article 2. Signature 2517–2522
- 2522–2527 Article 3. Formal confirmation and accession 2522–2527
- 2527–2532 Article 4. Extent of participation and rights and obligations 2527–2532
- 2532–2540 Article 5. Declarations, notifications and communications 2532–2540
- 2540–2544 Article 6. Responsibility and liability 2540–2544
- 2544–2550 Article 7. Settlement of disputes 2544–2550
- 2550–2553 Article 8. Applicability of Part XVII 2550–2553
- 2553–2618 Index 2553–2618
