Implementing EU Consumer Rights by National Procedural Law
Luxembourg Report on European Procedural Law Volume II
Zusammenfassung
Hess/Law
Implementing EU Consumer Rights by National Procedural Law
EU consumer law affords a number of substantive rights to consumers. Often however, the protection of these rights is undermined as a consequence of the complexity and lack of knowledge in the Member States of EU consumer legislation and case law. This volume presents a comparative examination of the enforcement of these rights in the EU Member States, with an extensive empirical evaluation of national procedural rules and practices. Following a comprehensive assessment of the nature and characteristics of EU consumer law, the volume identifies and evaluates key procedural themes that shape the equivalent and effective protection of EU consumer rights in light of European Court of Justice case law.
Alongside The Luxembourg Report on European Procedural Law, Volume I: Impediments of National Procedural Laws to the Free Movement of Judgments, this volume offers the most comprehensive, empirically driven comparative investigation of national civil procedure thus far undertaken in Europe. Using an extensive dataset comprising hundreds of interviews and responses to a multi-language online survey, it examines the rules of civil procedure in all EU Member States and identifies their impact on the protection of consumers under EU consumer law.
This volume will be of interest for all practitioners, academics and policymakers with a focus on judicial cooperation, civil justice and consumer protection and will facilitate a better understanding of the impact of national procedural laws on the effectiveness of EU consumer protection.
- Kapitel Ausklappen | EinklappenSeiten
- I–XIV Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis I–XIV
- 1–4 Foreword 1–4
- 5–8 Executive Summary 5–8
- 9–62 Chapter 1. General Structure of Procedural Consumer Protection (Stephanie Law) 9–62
- A. Introduction
- B. The Implementation of EU Consumer Legislation in the National Legal Systems
- I. Summary of the Status Quo
- II. Problems Identified in the National Legal Systems
- 1. Fragmentation and Complexity in Consumer Law
- 2. The Lack of Knowledge on the Part of Stakeholders
- 3. The Perception of the National Judge
- III. Assessment of the Current Situation
- C. The Concept of the Consumer
- I. Summary of the Status Quo
- II. Problems Identified in the National Legal Systems
- 1. Positive and Negative, Uniform and Non-Uniform Definitions of the Consumer
- 2. The Passive and Active Consumer
- 3. Extension of the Consumer Concept to Parties Other than Natural Persons
- 4. The Changing Status of the Consumer
- III. Assessment of the Current Situation
- D. The Enforcement of Consumer Protection Law
- I. Summary of the Status Quo
- 1. Different Architectures of Enforcement
- II. Problems Identified in the National Legal Systems
- 1. Absence of Guiding Principles and Best Practices
- 2. The Typical Character of Consumer Dispute Resolution
- 3. Different Mechanisms of Enforcement for Different Types of Problems
- 4. Measures beyond Enforcement
- III. Assessment of the Current Situation
- E. Proposals and Improvements
- I. Need for Increased Transparency and Knowledge Dissemination
- II. Clarification of the Consumer Concept
- III. Need for Increased Cooperation
- IV. Anticipated Developments: The New Deal for Consumers
- F. Recommendations to the European Commission
- 63–94 Chapter 2. Access to Justice (Remo Caponi and Janek Tomasz Nowak) 63–94
- A. Introduction to the Chapter
- B. Costs
- I. Summary of the Status Quo
- 1. The Issue of Costs
- 2. Which Costs are Involved?
- 3. Who Pays for the Costs of Judicial Proceedings?
- II. Assessment of the National Legal Systems
- 1. Particular Issues Relating to Costs
- 2. General Assessment Regarding Costs
- C. Legal Aid
- I. Introduction to Legal Aid
- II. Summary of the Status Quo
- 1. Availability of Legal Aid in Consumer Protection Disputes
- 2. Nature of Legal Aid Systems
- 3. Requirements of Legal Aid for Consumer Protection Disputes
- 4. Content of Legal Aid
- III. Problems Identified in the National Legal Systems
- 1. Limited Availability of Legal Aid in Out-of-court Proceedings (Settlement, Mediation)
- 2. The Means Test for Obtaining Legal Aid May Be Too Strict
- 3. The Assessment of the Merits of a Claim as a Condition for Eligibility
- 4. Additional Requirements for Obtaining Legal Aid
- 5. The Content and Quality of Legal Aid
- IV. Additional Issues Appearing from the Interviews
- 1. Lack of Knowledge
- 2. The Need to Apply For Legal Aid and Administrative Formalities to Be Completed
- 3. Risk of Overconsumption
- D. Proposals and Recommendations
- I. Reducing the Cost of Legal Representation by Developing Cost Avoiding Strategies
- 1. Representation by another Party than a Lawyer
- 2. Pro se Litigation
- II. Promoting a Better Knowledge of Legal Aid amongst Consumers
- 1. Information Campaign
- 2. Standard Letter
- III. Alternative Strategies for Litigation Funding: Third-Party Funding Through Intermediaries via the Internet
- 1. Concept
- 2. Advantages
- 3. Problems
- 4. Regulating TPF via Internet Platforms
- E. Recommendations to the European Commission
- 95–156 Chapter 3. Consumer Actions before National Courts (Burkhard Hess and Piet Taelman) 95–156
- A. The Framework of the National Procedures: Flexible vs. Formalistic Approaches
- I. The Respective Role of the Parties and Judges in Civil Proceedings
- 1. Party Disposition as an Overarching Principle
- 2. Factual Allegations Made
- 3. The Increasing Role of Case Management
- 4. Influence of the Court’s Investigative and Managerial Powers on the Settlement of the Dispute
- 5. Influence of Factual Circumstances, especially Whether Parties are Represented or Not
- 6. The Court’s Obligation/Power to Apply the Law of its Own Motion
- 7. Acceleration of the Proceeedings
- 8. General Assessment
- II. Modifications of the National Procedures
- 1. No Specific Courts or Special Court Procedures for Consumer Disputes
- 2. Small Claims Proceedings
- B. Ex officio Application and Control of EU Consumer Law
- I. The Meaning of ex officio – An Assessment of the Case Law of the ECJ
- 1. The Development of the Case Law
- 2. EU Principles Underpinning ex officio: Effectiveness and Equivalence of EU Consumer Protection Law in the National Civil Procedures
- 3. Constitutional Underpinnings: The Duty of Effective Judicial Protection
- II. The Practical Operation of the Concept
- 1. Ordinary Proceedings
- 2. Default Proceedings and Payment Orders
- 3. Enforcement of Judgments and of Other Enforceable Titles
- 4. Arbitration and ADR
- C. The Practice in the EU Member States
- I. Ordinary Proceedings
- 1. Jura novit curia and the ex officio Application of Consumer Law
- 2. The Specific Situation Concerning Unfair Contract Terms
- 3. The Issue of Facts
- 4. Ex officio Application of Consumer Law and Issues of Evidence
- 5. Small Claims Procedures
- 6. Unrepresented Consumers
- 7. Appellate Proceedings
- II. Default and Payment Order Procedures
- 1. Default Judgments
- 2. Payment Order Procedures
- III. Enforcement Procedures
- 1. The General Situation
- 2. Protection at the Stage of Enforcement
- IV. Jurisdiction and Arbitration Clauses
- D. Assessment
- E. Recommendations to the European Commission
- 157–176 Chapter 4. Actions for Collective Redress (Stefaan Voet) 157–176
- A. Introduction to the Chapter
- B. Injunctive/Compensatory Relief and Collective Actions
- I. Summary of the Status Quo
- 1. Terminology
- 2. Collective Actions for Injunctive Relief
- 3. Collective Actions for Compensatory Relief
- II. Problems Identified in the National Legal Systems
- C. Injunctive Relief, Individual Redress and Collective Actions
- I. Staying of an Individual Claim Until Collective Proceedings Have Finished
- 1. Summary of the Status Quo: Sales Sinués
- 2. Problems Identified in the National Legal Systems
- II. Binding or Non-Binding Effect of the Decision in the Collective Proceedings
- 1. Summary of the Status Quo: Invitel
- 2. Problems Identified in the National Legal Systems
- D. Proposals and Improvements
- I. Staying of an Individual Claim until Collective Proceedings Have Finished
- II. Binding or Non-binding Effect of the Decision in the Collective Proceedings
- E. Recommendations to the European Commission
- 177–200 Chapter 5. Consumer Alternative Dispute Resolution (Chris Hodges) 177–200
- A. Introduction to the Chapter
- I. Different Meanings of ADR
- II. Differences in Architectures
- III. Variations in Knowledge of Consumer ADR, Tied to its Stage of Development
- B. Character of Consumer ADR
- I. Mandatory/Non-Mandatory Nature of Consumer ADR
- 1. Summary of the Status Quo
- 2. Problems Identified in the National Legal Systems
- 3. Assessment of the Current Situation
- C. Procedural Rules on Standing and Representation Requirements before ADR Fora
- I. Summary of the Status Quo
- II. Problems Identified in the National Legal Systems
- III. Assessment of the Current Situation
- D. Application by ADR Bodies of Mandatory EU Consumer Law
- I. Summary of the Status Quo
- II. Problems Identified in the National Legal Systems
- III. Assessment of the Current Situation
- E. Nature of the ADR Decision and Enforcement
- I. Summary of the Status Quo
- II. Problems Identified in the National Legal Systems
- 1. Binding and Enforcement
- 2. Suspension of Limitation
- 3. Assessment of the Current Situation
- F. Review of ADR Decisions
- I. Scope For and Limits of Recourse to Judicial Dispute Resolution
- 1. Summary of the Status Quo
- 2. Problems Identified in the National Legal Systems
- 3. Assessment of the Current Situation
- II. Judicial Review of ADR Decisions
- 1. Summary of the Status Quo
- 2. Problems Identified in the National Legal Systems
- 3. Assessment of the Current Situation
- G. Proposals and Improvements
- I. Regarding Difficulties Arising from the EU Instruments
- II. Regarding Difficulties Arising from Divergent National Procedural Laws
- III. General Proposals
- H. Recommendations to the European Commission
- 201–202 Index 201–202
- 203–204 Case Law of the European Court of Justice 203–204
- 205–206 Legislation 205–206
- 207–212 Bibliography 207–212
- 213–638 Annexes 213–638
- Annex I. National Reporters
- Annex II. Full National Report Template
- Annex III. Selected Data from the National Reports
- Annex IV. Selected Questions and Responses from the Completed National Reports
- ?Bibliography
- I. Books
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- Jürgen Basedow, The Law of Open Societies: Private Ordering and Public Regulation in the Conflict of Laws (Brill 2015)
- Maria Berger, Organisation und Verfahren der ordentlichen Gerichtsbarkeit im Lichte der Rechtsprechung des Gerichtshofs der Europäische Union (Manz 2013)
- Reinhard Bork and Kristin van Zwieten, Commentary on the European Insolvency Regulation (OUP 2016)
- Pablo Cortés (ed), The New Regulatory Framework for Consumer Dispute Resolution (Oxford University Press 2017)
- James Fawcett and Janeen Carruthers, Cheshire, North and Fawcett: Private International Law (Oxford University Press, 14th edn, 2008)
- Frédérique Ferrand and Bruno Pireyre (eds), Prospective de l’appel civil (Legis compare 2016)
- Burkard Hess, Europäisches Zivilprozessrecht (Müller 2010)
- Christopher Hodges, Iris Benöhr and Naomi Creutzfeldt-Banda, Consumer ADR in Europe (Hart Publishing 2012)
- Christopher Hodges, Law and Corporate Behaviour: Integrating Theories of Regulation, Enforcement, Compliance, Culture and Ethics (Hart Publishing 2015)
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- Franziska Weber, The Law and Economics of Enforcing European Consumer Law (Ashgate 2014)
- Stephen Weatherill, EU Consumer Law and Policy (Elgar, 2nd edn, 2013)
- Adrian Zuckerman, Zuckerman on Civil Procedure: Principles of Practice (Sweet & Maxwell 2013)
- II. Chapters in Edited Collections
- Christoph Althammer, ‘Mindeststandards und zentral Verfahrensgrundsätze im deutschen Recht’ in Christoph Althammer and Matthias Weller (eds), Mindeststandards im europäischen Zivilprozessrecht (Mohr 2015) 3
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- Burkhard Hess and Nils Pelzer, ‘Cautious Steps towards the Construction of an ADR System’ in Felix Steffek and Hannes Unberath, Regulation of Dispute Resolution in Germany (Hart Publishing 2013) 209
- Christopher Hodges, ‘Consumer Redress: Ideology and Empiricism’ in Kai Purnhagen and Peter Rott (eds), Varieties of European Economic Law and Regulation: Festschrift for Hans-Wolfgang Micklitz (Springer 2014) 793
- Christopher Hodges, ‘Consumer Redress: Implementing the Vision’, in Pablo Cortés (ed), The New Regulatory Framework for Consumer Dispute Resolution (Oxford University Press 2016) 351
- Christopher Hodges, ‘Unlocking Justice and Markets: The Promise of Consumer ADR’ in Joachim Zekoll, Moritz Bälz and Iwo Amelung (eds), Dispute Resolution: Alternatives to Formalization – Formalization of Alternatives? (Brill 2014) 336
- Christopher Hodges and Naomi Creutzfeldt, ‘Transformations in Public and Private Enforcement’ in
- Hans-Wolfgang Micklitz and Andrea Wechsler (eds), The Transformation of Enforcement: European Economic Law in a Global Perspective (Hart Publishing 2016) 115
- Angus Johnston and Hannes Unberath., ‘European Private Law by Directives: Approach and Challenges’ in Christian Twigg-Flesner (ed), The Cambridge Companion to European Union Private Law (CUP 2010) 85
- Hein Kötz, ‘Gemeineuropäisches Zivilrecht’ in Herbert Bernstein et al (eds), Festschrift für Konrad Zweigert zum 70. Geburtstag (Mohr 1981) 481
- Hans-Wolfgang Micklitz, Gutachten A 69 für den Deutschen Juristentag (Beck 2012) A 38-A 55
- Norbert Reich and Hans-Wolfgang Micklitz, ‘Economic Interests, Consumer Interests and EU Integration’ in Norbert Reich et al (eds), European Consumer Law (Intersentia, 2nd edn., 2014) 6
- Norbert Reich, ‘From Minimum to Full to ‘Half’ Harmonisation’ in James Devenney and Mel Kenny (eds), European Consumer Protection: Theory and Practice (CUP 2012) 3
- Norbert Reich, ‘Legal Protection of Individual and Collective Consumer Interests’ in Norbert Reich et al (eds), European Consumer Law (Intersentia, 2nd edn, 2014) 339
- Mathias Reimann, ‘Cost and Fee Allocation in Civil Procedure: A Synthesis’ in Mathias Reimann (ed), Cost and Fee Allocation in Civil Procedure (Springer 2011) 3
- Peter Spiller and Kate Tokely, ‘Individual Consumer Redress’ in Geraint Howells, Iain Ramsay, Thomas Wilhelmsson and David Kraft (eds), Handbook of Research on International Consumer Law (Edward Elgar 2010) 483
- Friedrich Stein and Martin Jonas, Commentary ZPO § 56 (Beck 23rd edn, 2015)
- Friedrich Stein and Martin Jonas, Commentary ZPO § 128 (Beck 22nd edn, 2011)
- Piet Taelman, ‘Some European Challenges for Belgian Civil Procedure’ in Anna Nylund and Bart Krans (eds), The European Union and National Civil Procedure (Intersentia 2016) 5
- Remme Verkerk, ‘England and Wales’ in Remco Van Rhee (ed), European Traditions in Civil Procedure (Intersentia 2005) 307
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- III. Journal Articles and Working Papers
- Alain Ancery and Mark Wissink, ‘ECJ 4 June 2009, Pannon GSM Zrt. v. Erzsébet Sustikné Gy?rfi’ (2010) 18 ERPL 307
- Alexandre Biard, ‘Class Action Developments in France (August 2016)’ <http://globalclassactions.stanford. edu/content/class-action-developments-france> accessed 10 January 2017
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- Horst Eidenmüller and Martin Engel, ‘Against False Settlement: Designing Efficient Consumer Rights Enforcement Systems in Europe’ (2014) 29 Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution 261
- Michael G. Faure and Hanneke A. Luth, ‘Behavioural Economics in Unfair Contract Terms’ (2011) 34 Journal of Consumer Policy 337
- Matteo Gargantini, ‘Capital Markets and the Market for Judicial Decisions: In Search of Consistency’ MPILux Working Paper 2016/1
- Matteo Gargantini, ‘Jurisdictional Issues in the Circulation and Holding of (Intermediated) Securities: The Advocate General’s Opinion in Kolassa v Barclays’ (2014) Riv. Dir. Int. Priv. e Proc. 1095
- Burkard Hess, ‘Prozessuale Mindestgarantien in der Verbraucherschlichtung’ (2015) Juristenzeitung 548
- Christopher Hodges, ‘Collective Redress: A Breakthrough or a Damp Sqibb?’ (2014) 37 J. Consum. Policy 67
- Christopher Hodges, ‘Consumer Ombudsmen: Better Regulation and Dispute Resolution’ (2014) 15(4) ERA Forum 593
- Christopher Hodges, ‘Mass Collective Redress: Consumer ADR and Regulatory Techniques’ (2015) European Review of Private Law 829
- Felix Koechel, ‘Wann steht die Zuständigkeit des zuerst angerufenen Gerichts im Sinne von Art. 27 EuGVVO fest?’ IPRax 2014, 394
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- Marco Loos, ‘The Influence of European Consumer Law on General Contract Law and the Need for Spontaneous Harmonisation: On the Disturbance and Reconstruction of the Coherence of National Contract Law and Consumer Law Under the Influence of European Law’, Centre for the Study of European Contract Law Working Paper No. 2006/02
- Hans-Wolfgang Micklitz and Stephen Weatherill, ‘Consumer Policy in the European Community: Before and After Maastricht’ (1993) 16 Journal of Consumer Policy 292
- Csongor István Nagy, ‘The European Collective Redress Debate after the European Commission’s Recommendation: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back?’ (2015) 9 MJ 530
- Preliminary Opinion of the European Data Protection Supervisor (2015), ‘Privacy and Competitiveness in the Age of Big Data: The Interplay between Data Protection, Competition Law and Consumer Protection in the Digital Economy’
- Hans-Bernd Schäfer, ‘The Bundling of Similar Interests in Litigation, the Incentives for Class Action and Legal Actions Taken by Associations’ (2000) 3 European Journal of Law and Economics 183
- Hanna Schebesta, ‘Does the National Court Know European Law? A note on Ex officio Application after Asturcom’ (2010) 18 ERPL 847
- Elisabetta Silvestri, ‘Towards a Common Framework of Collective Redress in Europe? An Update on the Latest Initiatives of the European Commission’ (2013) 1 RLJ 47
- John Sorabji, ‘Reflections on the Commission Communication on Collective Redress’ (2014) 17 IJEL 62
- Astrid Stadler, ‘The Commission’s Recommendation on Common Principles of Collective Redress and Private International Law Issues’ (2013) 3 NIPR 483
- Jules Stuyck, ‘’Case C-243/08, Pannon GSM Zrt. v. Erzsébet Sustikné Györfi, Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 4 June 2009, and Case C-40/08, Asturcom Telecominicaciones SL v. Maria Cristiba Rodriguez Nogueira, judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 6 October 2009’’ (2010) 47 CMLR 879
- Verica Trstenjak and Erwin Beysen, ‘European Consumer Protection Law: curia semper dabit remedium?’ (2011) 48 CMLR 95
- Stefaan Voet, ‘Consumer Collective Redress in Belgium: Class Actions to the Rescue?’ (2015) 16 EBOR 121
- Stefaan Voet, ‘European Collective Redress: A Status Quaestionis’ (2014) 4 IJPL 97
- Stefaan Voet, ‘’Where the Wild Things Are’: Reflexions about the State and Future of European Collective Redress’ (forthcoming) (on file with author)
- IV. Reports for the European Commission
- Civic Consulting, ‘Study Regarding the Problems Faced by Consumers in Obtaining Redress for Infringements of Consumer Protection Legislation, and the Economic Consequences of Such Problems – Part I: Main report’, (2008; available at www.civic-consulting.de/reports/redress%20problem_study.pdf)
- Civic Consulting, ‘Study on the Use of Alternative Dispute Resolution in the European Union’ (2009; available at: http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/redress_cons/adr_study.pdf)
- European Commission, ‘Consumer Vulnerability across Key Markets in the European Union’, Contract n° 2013 86 05 EAHC 2013/CP/0, January 2016
- Jules Stuyck et al (eds), ‘European Commission Study on Alternative Means of Consumer Redress other than Redress through Ordinary Judicial Proceedings’ (2007; available at: http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/ redress/reports_studies/index_en.htm)
- V. EU Documents
- European Commission, ‘A Deeper and Fairer Single Market’, MEMO/15/5910, 2015
- European Commission, ‘A More Coherent European Contract Law: An Action Plan’ COM(2003) 68 final
- European Commission, ‘Communication Towards a European Horizontal Framework for Collective Redress’ COM(2013) 401 final
- European Commission, ‘EU Consumer Policy Strategy 2007–2013’ COM(2007) 99
- European Commission, ‘European Contract Law and the Revision of the Acquis: the Way Forward’ COM (2004) 651 final
- European Commission, ‘Green Paper on the Review of the Consumer Acquis’ COM(2006) 744
- European Commission (ed), ‘Le réseau des centres européens des consommateurs, ECC-Net’ (2016)
- European Commission, ‘Opportunity Now: Europe’s Mission to Innovate’, 2016
- European Commission, ‘Proposal for a Directive on Consumer Rights’, COM(2008) 614 final
- European Commission, ‘Proposal for a regulation on cooperation between national authorities responsible for the enforcement of consumer protection laws’ COM(2016) 283 final
- European Commission, ‘Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on representative actions for the protection of the collective interests of consumers, and repealing Directive 2009/22/EC’ COM(2018) 184 final
- European Parliament, ‘Report on a New Agenda for European Consumer Policy’ (2012/2133(INI) 2013)
- European Commission, ‘The Application of Directive 2009/22/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on injunctions for the protection of consumers’ interest’ COM (2012) 635 final
- European Commission, ‘The European Consumer Centres Network: Anniversary Report 2005–2015’ (2015)
- European Commission, ‘2001 Communication on European Contract Law’ COM(2001) 398 final
- VI. National Reports
- Ministry of Justice, ‘Proposal for the Reform of Legal Aid in England and Wales’ (Consultation Paper, CP12/10)
