UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)
A Commentary
Zusammenfassung
About the work
Almost thirty years after its entry into force, the CISG has become the law of international sales. In the meantime, 89 states have ratified the CISG, which make up for more than two thirds of the global trade. Already with its first edition, the commentary, written by leading international scholars and practitioners, has established itself on the market as the first truly international commentary on the CISG, taking into account the various legal settings in which the CISG is applied.
Praises for the 1st edition
‘The Kröll/Mistelis/Perales Commentary is an important contribution to the rich literature on this vital topic – a volume that should be in every library that intends to address the CISG seriously, and a work that deserves to be part of even a basic collection on the Convention.’
Harry M. Flechtner, The Rabel Journal 78/4 (2014) 883
‘No collection, related course materials, or decisionmakers’ cache of indispensible materials could possibly be complete without this scholarly, but quite readable, treatise designed for both novices and seasoned reader- users.’
The American Society of International Law Newsletter, September 2011
About the authors
Dr Stefan Kröll practises law in Cologne and is a professor of law at Bucerius Law School, Hamburg. Dr Loukas Mistelis is Clive M Schmitthoff Professor of Transnational Commercial Law and Arbitration and the director of the School of International Arbitration, London. Dr Pilar Perales Viscasillas holds the Chair of Commercial Law at the University Carlos III, Madrid. The authors are wellknown scholars and practitioners active in the field of CISG.
The international background of its authors and editors assures a broad and unbiased coverage of the CISG. In addition to the editors the following authors contribute to this commentary:
_ Prof. Dr. Yesmin M. Atamer, Turkey _ Prof. Dr. Ivo Bach, Germany _ Professor Gary Bell, Singapore _ Professor Andrea Bjoerklund, Canada _ Prof. Dr. Stavros Brekoulakis, United Kingdom _ Professor Michael Bridge, United Kingdom _ Prof. Dr. Petra Butler, New Zealand _ Prof. Dr. Milena Djordjevic, Serbia _ Professor Johan Erauw, Belgium _ Prof. Dr. Franco Ferrari, U.S. _ Arjun Harindranath, U.S. _ Professor Johnny Herre, Sweden_ Prof. Dr. Peter Huber, Germany _ Prof. Dr. Burghard Piltz, Germany _ Professor Anjanette Raymond, Bloomington, U.S. _ Dr. John Ribeiro, Japan _ Prof. Dr. Djakhongir Saidov, United Kingdom _ Professor Hiroo Sono, Japan _ Dr. Frank Spohnheimer, Germany _ Prof. Dr. Alberto Zuppi, Argentina
Abstract
About the work
Almost thirty years after its entry into force, the CISG has become the law of international sales. In the meantime, 89 states have ratified the CISG, which make up for more than two thirds of the global trade. Already with its first edition, the commentary, written by leading international scholars and practitioners, has established itself on the market as the first truly international commentary on the CISG, taking into account the various legal settings in which the CISG is applied.
Praises for the 1st edition
‘The Kröll/Mistelis/Perales Commentary is an important contribution to the rich literature on this vital topic – a volume that should be in every library that intends to address the CISG seriously, and a work that deserves to be part of even a basic collection on the Convention.’
Harry M. Flechtner, The Rabel Journal 78/4 (2014) 883
‘No collection, related course materials, or decisionmakers’ cache of indispensible materials could possibly be complete without this scholarly, but quite readable, treatise designed for both novices and seasoned reader- users.’
The American Society of International Law Newsletter, September 2011
About the authors
Dr Stefan Kröll practises law in Cologne and is a professor of law at Bucerius Law School, Hamburg. Dr Loukas Mistelis is Clive M Schmitthoff Professor of Transnational Commercial Law and Arbitration and the director of the School of International Arbitration, London. Dr Pilar Perales Viscasillas holds the Chair of Commercial Law at the University Carlos III, Madrid. The authors are wellknown scholars and practitioners active in the field of CISG.
The international background of its authors and editors assures a broad and unbiased coverage of the CISG. In addition to the editors the following authors contribute to this commentary:
_ Prof. Dr. Yesmin M. Atamer, Turkey _ Prof. Dr. Ivo Bach, Germany _ Professor Gary Bell, Singapore _ Professor Andrea Bjoerklund, Canada _ Prof. Dr. Stavros Brekoulakis, United Kingdom _ Professor Michael Bridge, United Kingdom _ Prof. Dr. Petra Butler, New Zealand _ Prof. Dr. Milena Djordjevic, Serbia _ Professor Johan Erauw, Belgium _ Prof. Dr. Franco Ferrari, U.S. _ Arjun Harindranath, U.S. _ Professor Johnny Herre, Sweden_ Prof. Dr. Peter Huber, Germany _ Prof. Dr. Burghard Piltz, Germany _ Professor Anjanette Raymond, Bloomington, U.S. _ Dr. John Ribeiro, Japan _ Prof. Dr. Djakhongir Saidov, United Kingdom _ Professor Hiroo Sono, Japan _ Dr. Frank Spohnheimer, Germany _ Prof. Dr. Alberto Zuppi, Argentina
- Kapitel Ausklappen | EinklappenSeiten
- I–LXXXVI Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis I–LXXXVI
- 1–18 Introduction to the CISG 1–18
- I. General Remarks
- II. Legislative History
- 1. The search for an international sales law: driving forces and objectives
- 2. From the UNIDROIT Initiative to the Hague Uniform Laws
- 3. The drafting process and the adoption of the CISG
- III. Content and Legal Nature
- 1. Legal nature of the CISG
- 2. Structure and content at a glance
- 3. Main Principles
- IV. The CISG’s Global Reach and Grounds for Success
- V. Impact on International and Regional Harmonization and National Modernization
- VI. Application in Practice
- 1. The original scepticism
- 2. Increasing role in practice
- 3. Commodity Trade
- VII. Advantages of the CISG
- VIII. Working with the CISG
- IX. Contract Drafting
- X. Electronic Commerce
- 19–20 Preamble 19–20
- 21–212 Part I. Sphere of Application and General Provisions 21–212
- 21–111 Chapter I. Sphere of Application 21–111
- 21–38 Article 1 21–38
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. General
- 2. Drafting history
- 3. Importance of provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Sales contracts
- 2. Goods
- 3. Internationality
- 4. Automatic application if international sales contract
- 5. Territorial application – Contracting States
- 6. Application by operation of conflict of laws
- III. Comparable Rules
- 39–53 Article 2 39–53
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Consumer sales
- 2. Sales by auction
- 3. Sales on execution or otherwise by authority of law
- 4. Sales of stocks, shares, investment securities, negotiable instruments or money
- 5. Sales of ships, vessels, hovercraft or aircraft
- 6. Sales of electricity
- 7. Burden of proof
- III. Comparable Rules
- 54–62 Article 3 54–62
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. General
- 2. Drafting history
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Contracts for the sale of goods to be manufactured or produced
- 2. Service Contracts
- 3. Software
- 4. Burden of proof
- III. Comparable Rules
- 63–90 Article 4 63–90
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. General
- 2. Drafting history
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Matters explicitly governed by the Convention
- 2. Matters explicitly excluded from the Convention
- 3. Other (non)contentious matters
- III. Comparable Rules
- 91–100 Article 5 91–100
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. General
- 2. Drafting History
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Death or personal injury caused by the goods
- 2. Death or personal injury caused by other means
- 3. Death or personal injury of third parties
- 4. Liability for property damage
- 5. Concurrent remedies
- III. Comparable Rules
- 101–111 Article 6 101–111
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. General
- 2. Drafting history
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Party autonomy
- 2. Methods of opting out
- 3. Derogation from or modification or exclusion of the CISG
- 4. Opting in – agreements to apply the CISG
- III. Comparable Rules
- 112–212 Chapter II. General Provisions 112–212
- 112–145 Article 7 112–145
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Interpretation of the Convention (Art. 7(1))
- 2. Gap-filling within the CISG (Art. 7.2)
- III. Comparable Rules
- 146–161 Article 8 146–161
- I. Importance and Role of Provision
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Legislative history
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. First Paragraph
- 2. The second paragraph: The reasonable understanding
- 3. The third paragraph
- III. Comparable Rules
- 162–181 Article 9 162–181
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Art. 9 in the context of the CISG: Hierarchy of rules
- 3. Validity
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Practices established between the parties: Art. 9(1)
- 2. Agreed usages (Art. 9(1)
- 3. International usages of trade: Art. 9(2)
- 4. Conflict between usages
- 5. Procedural aspects/burden of proof
- 6. Extended application of Art. 9
- 7. CISG and other instruments as usages of trade
- III. Comparable Rules
- 182–190 Article 10 182–190
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Autonomous versus domestic meaning of “place of business
- 2. Essential elements of the term “place of business
- 3. Place of business that has the “closest relationship to the contract and its performance
- 4. Crucial factors for the determination of “the place of business that has the closest to the contract relationship
- 5. “Having regard to the circumstances known to or contemplated by the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract
- 6. Art. 10(b)
- III. Comparable Rules
- 191–200 Article 11 191–200
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Freedom of form
- 2. Freedom of evidence
- 3. Agreement of the parties requiring writing or evidence in writing
- 4. Electronic form and evidence
- III. Comparable Rules
- 201–206 Article 12 201–206
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Drafting history
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Scope of Art. 12
- 2. Art. 96 reservation
- III. Comparable Rules
- 207–212 Article 13 207–212
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Scope of Art. 13
- 2. Expansive interpretation of Art. 13: fax and electronic means
- 3. Interpretation of Art. 13 in light of other international uniform law instruments
- III. Comparable Rules
- 213–336 Part II. Formation of the Contract 213–336
- 213–221 Introduction to Articles 14–24 213–221
- I. Sphere of application and possibility of reservation according to Article 92
- 1. Possibility of Reservation
- 2. Temporal sphere of application
- II. Scope of application
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Standard Contract Terms
- 3. Other modes of contract conclusion
- 4. Commercial letter of confirmation
- III. Exclusion of Part II
- 222–242 Article 14 222–242
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Proposal addressed to specific persons; invitation to make an offer
- 2. Intention to be bound
- 3. The specificity requirement
- 4. The requirement of indication of the purchase price and price determination absent such indication
- 5. Offer containing a clause excluding Part II
- 6. Incorporation of standard contract terms
- III. Comparable Rules
- 243–250 Article 15 243–250
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Withdrawal
- 2. Death, insolvency and lack of legal capacity of the offeror
- III. Comparable Rules
- 251–262 Article 16 251–262
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed commentary
- 1. Revocation (para. 1)
- 2. The end of the offeror’s right to revoke
- 3. The Irrevocability of the offer (para. 2) as per the offer itself
- 4. Irrevocability of the offer (para. 2) due to the offeree’s justified reliance and the prohibition of venire contra factum proprium
- 5. Damages in case of revocation
- III. Comparable Rules
- 263–267 Article 17 263–267
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Rejection
- 2. Legal effects of the rejection
- III. Comparable Rules
- 268–283 Article 18 268–283
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Acceptance by express declaration, acceptance by conduct, silence and inactivity
- 2. Effectiveness of the declaration of acceptance
- 3. Time for acceptance (para. 2)
- 4. Burden of proof
- III. Comparable Rules
- 284–299 Article 19 284–299
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed commentary
- 1. Reply containing additions or different terms
- 2. Objection
- 3. Burden of proof
- III. Comparable Rules
- 300–306 Article 20 300–306
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Beginning of the period for acceptance (para. 1)
- 2. Calculation and expiry of the period of time (para. 2)
- 3. The rule in Art. 20(2) as general principle upon which the CISG is based
- III. Comparable Rules
- 307–316 Article 21 307–316
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Late acceptance and approval by the offeror
- 2. Lateness due to delays in transmission (Art. 21(2))
- 3. Opportunity for speculation
- 4. Burden of proof
- III. Comparable Rules
- 317–321 Article 22 317–321
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Withdrawal
- 2. Effects of a withdrawal
- III. Comparable Rules
- 322–325 Article 23 322–325
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Time of contract conclusion
- 2. Place of contract conclusion
- III. Comparable Rules
- 326–336 Article 24 326–336
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. “Oral” declarations
- 2. Declarations by “other means
- 3. Preventing declarations from reaching the addressee
- 4. Burden of proof
- III. Comparable Rules
- 337–1166 Part III. Sale of Goods 337–1166
- 337–392 Chapter I. General Provisions 337–392
- 337–355 Article 25 337–355
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Departure from domestic laws
- 2. Requirements for fundamental breach
- 3. Examples of fundamental breach
- III. Comparable Rules
- 356–363 Article 26 356–363
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Form of notice
- 2. The possibility of implicit notice
- 3. Time period for notice to be given
- 4. Risk of non-delivery of notice
- III. Comparable Rules
- 364–372 Article 27 364–372
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Dispatch rule and allocation of risk
- 2. Effect of dispatch of notice
- 3. Proof of dispatch
- 4. Applicability to telephonic communications
- 5. Applicability to email communications
- 6. Derogating from Art. 27
- 7. Appropriateness of the means of communication
- III. Comparable Rules
- 373–383 Article 28 373–383
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Specific performance under municipal law
- 2. The provisions of the Convention
- 3. Derogation from Art. 28 and party autonomy
- 4. Seller’s right to require payment of the price
- III. Comparable Rules
- 384–392 Article 29 384–392
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Contract modification
- 2. The “pre-existing duty rule” at common law
- 3. No-oral-modification clauses
- III. Comparable Rules
- 393–770 Chapter II. Obligations of the Seller 393–770
- 393–408 Article 30 393–408
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. Subject matter
- 2. Primary obligations of the seller
- 3. National laws
- 4. Vienna Conference
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Seller’s obligation to deliver
- 2. Seller’s obligation to transfer property
- 3. Seller’s obligation to hand over documents
- 4. Party autonomy
- III. Comparable Rules
- 1. Incoterms
- 2. PICC and PECL
- 3. DCFR
- 409–481 Section I. Delivery the goods and handing over of documents 409–481
- Article 31
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. Subject matter
- 2. Breach of contract
- 3. Further context
- 4. National laws
- 5. Vienna Conference
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Obligation to deliver
- 2. Sales involving carriage of the goods
- 3. Kinds of acts of delivery
- 4. Place of delivery
- 5. Further obligations of the seller
- III. Comparable Rules
- 1. Incoterms
- 2. PICC and PECL
- 3. DCFR
- Article 32
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. Subject matter
- 2. Breach of contract
- 3. Further context
- 4. National laws
- 5. Vienna Conference
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Notice of consignment
- 2. Carriage of the goods
- 3. Information regarding insurance
- III. Comparable rules
- 1. Incoterms
- 2. PICC and PECL
- 3. DCFR
- Article 33
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. Subject matter
- 2. Breach of contract
- 3. Further context
- 4. National laws
- 5. Vienna Conference
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Party autonomy
- 2. Time for delivery
- 3. Art. 33(a), (b) and (c)
- 4. Part-deliveries
- III. Comparable Rules
- 1. Incoterms
- 2. PICC and PECL
- 3. DCFR
- Article 34
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. Subject matter
- 2. Breach of contract
- 3. Further context
- 4. National laws
- 5. Vienna Conference
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Handing over of documents
- 2. Right to cure
- III. Comparable Rules
- 1. Incoterms
- 2. PICC and PECL
- 3. DCFR
- 482–667 Section II. Conformity of the goods and third party claims 482–667
- Introduction to Articles 35–44
- I. Importance of Section II in Practice
- II. Structure of Section II
- III. Differences Between the Liability Regimes for Non-conformity and Defects in Title
- IV. Differences in the Remedial Systems for Other Breaches
- V. Relationship to the National Remedies
- Article 35
- I. Importance and Role of Provision
- 1. Overview on the content
- 2. History
- 3. Terminology
- 4. Art. 35 as part of the CISG’s liability regime for non-conformity
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. The concept of non-conformity
- 2. Art. 35(1)
- 3. Art. 35(2)
- 4. Art. 35(3)
- 5. Exclusion of express and implied obligations as to conformity
- 6. Burden of proof
- 7. Relationship to the non-contractual remedies under national law
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 36
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Art. 36(1)
- 2. Art. 36(2)
- 3. Burden of proof
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 37
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Prerequisites for the right to cure under Art. 37
- 2. Means of cure
- 3. Legal consequences
- 4. Burden of proof
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 38
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. Content
- 2. Purpose of the duty to examine
- 3. Art. 38 as part of the CISG’s notification regime
- 4. History of the provision and its character
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. General remarks
- 2. Prevailing contractual agreements, practices and usages
- 3. Scope of the examination duty
- 4. Extent of the examination duty
- 5. Place of examination
- 6. Time period for examination
- 7. Examination in contract involving carriage: Art. 38(2)
- 8. Art. 38(3)
- 9. Costs of the examination duty
- 10. Sanctions
- 11. Waiver of the examination duty
- 12. Burden of proof
- III. Comparable Provisions
- Article 39
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. General remarks
- 2. Drafting history
- 3. Purpose of the notice requirement
- 4. Art. 39 as part of the CISG’s examination and notification regime
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Prevailing contractual agreements, practices and usages
- 3. Scope of application
- 4. Notice
- 5. The two years cut-off date in Art. 39
- 6. Consequence of a failure to give notice
- 7. Exceptions
- 8. Waiver and exclusions of the right to invoke belated notice
- 9. Relationship with statutes of limitation
- 10. Acceptance of the goods as conforming
- 11. Burden of proof
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 40
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. General remarks
- 2. Prevailing contractual agreements, practices and usages
- 3. Scope of application
- 4. Seller’s actual or constructive knowledge
- 5. Disclosure to the buyer
- 6. Legal consequences and contractual modifications
- 7. Burden of proof
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 41
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. General remarks
- 2. Third party rights and claims
- 3. Time of the defects in title
- 4. Exclusion of liability
- 5. Remedies for defects in title
- 6. Art. 41 and domestic rules providing for nullity of the contract
- 7. Burden of proof
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 42
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. General remarks
- 2. Third party rights and claims
- 3. Based on industrial property or other intellectual property
- 4. Territorial limitations
- 5. Relevant time
- 6. Seller’s actual or constructive knowledge
- 7. Exceptions from liability under Art. 42(2)
- 8. Remedies
- 9. Burden of proof
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 43
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. General remarks
- 2. Notice
- 3. Notice period
- 4. Legal consequences of a failure to give notice
- 5. Exclusion of reliance on a failure to give notice in time: Art. 43(2)
- 6. Burden of proof
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 44
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. General remarks
- 2. Scope of application
- 3. Reasonable excuse
- 4. Legal consequences
- 5. Burden of proof
- III. Comparable Rules
- 668–770 Section III. Remedies for breach of contract by the seller 668–770
- Article 45
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. System of remedies (para. 1)
- 2. Damages and other remedies (para. 2)
- 3. No period of grace (para. 3)
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 46
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. Purpose
- 2. Outline
- 3. Distinction between Art. 46(1) and Art. 46(2), (3): The concept of non-conformity
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. General claim for performance (Art. 46(1)
- 2. Substitute delivery (Art. 46(2)
- 3. Repair (Art. 46(3)
- 4. Burden of proof
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 47
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Requirements
- 2. Consequences
- 3. Burden of proof
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 48
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Right to cure under Art. 48(1)
- 2. Right to cure under Art. 48(2)
- 3. Burden of proof
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 49
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Outline of the requirements
- 2. Avoidance for fundamental breach (Art. 49(1)(a))
- 3. Avoidance using the Nachfrist-procedure (Art. 49(1)(b))
- 4. Declaration of avoidance and time limits
- 5. Burden of proof
- 6. Effects of avoidance
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 50
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. History of the provision
- 2. Importance of the provision
- 3. Nature of the remedy
- 4. Position in the system of remedies
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Requirements
- 2. Legal consequences
- 3. Burden of proof
- 4. Interaction with other remedies
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 51
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. The general rule: narrowing the view under Art. 51(1)
- 2. The exception: re-expanding the view under Art. 51(2)
- 3. Application to instalment contracts
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Prerequisites
- 2. Legal consequences
- 3. Burden of proof
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 52
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Early delivery
- 2. Excessive delivery
- III. Comparable Rules
- 1. Early delivery
- 2. Excessive delivery
- 771–849 Chapter III. Obligations of the Buyer 771–849
- 771–777 Article 53 771–777
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Overview
- 2. Purchase price
- 3. Payment arrangements
- 4. Payment clauses
- 5. Duty to take delivery
- 6. Further duties
- 7. Choice of payment debt
- 8. Practical considerations
- III. Comparable Rules
- 778–821 Section I. Payment of the price 778–821
- Article 54
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Scope of the duty
- 2. Currency
- 3. The buyer’s breach of his obligation(s
- 4. Practical questions
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 55
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. When does it apply
- 2. How does it apply
- 3. Burden of proof
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 56
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Overview
- 2. Practical considerations
- IV. Comparable Rules
- Article 57
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Overview
- 2. Party agreement (Art. 57(1) first sentence
- 3. Payment at the seller’s place of business (Art 57(1)(a), (2))
- 4. Payment against the handing over of the goods or of documents (Art. 57(1)(b))
- 5. Place of payment of monetary claims other than the purchase price
- 6. Practical considerations
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 58
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Buyer’s right to examine the goods (Art. 58(3))
- 2. Time the purchase price becomes due
- 3. Divergent agreements
- 4. Documents
- 5. Rights of retention (Arts 58(1) second sentence and 58(2))
- 6. Payment ahead of time, part payment
- 7. Application to other buyer’s obligations
- 8. Practical considerations
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 59
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- III. Comparable Rules
- 822–825 Section II. Taking delivery 822–825
- Article 60
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Content of the duty to take delivery
- 2. Refusal to take delivery
- 3. Practical considerations
- III. Comparable Rules
- 826–849 Section III. Remedies for breach of contract by the buyer 826–849
- Introduction to Articles 61–65
- Article 61
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Remedies available to the seller (Art. 61(1))
- 2. Damages can be cumulated with other remedies (Art. 61(2))
- 3. Court may not grant a period of grace (Art. 61(3))
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 62
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. The right to specific performance
- 2. Limitations on the right to specific performance
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 63
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. The fixing of an additional period of time of reasonable length (63(1))
- 2. The suspension of other remedies during the additional period of time (63(2))
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 64
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. The right to declare the contract avoided (64(1))
- 2. Losing the right to declare the contract avoided (Art. 64(2))
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 65
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Purpose of Art. 65 and the mechanism it sets in place
- 2. Criticism of Art. 65 – a cumbersome process which will not be used most of the time
- III. Comparable Rules
- 850–881 Chapter IV. Passing of Risk 850–881
- 850–860 Article 66 850–860
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Price-risk
- 2. The risk transferred but reduced through the use of a remedy for the buyer
- 3. An act or omission by the seller – posterior alleviation of risk
- 4. Determining which risks are transferred to the buyer
- 5. Contractual risk
- 6. Damage caused by the goods themselves
- III. Comparable Rules
- 861–870 Article 67 861–870
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Handing over the goods
- 2. Clearly identifying the goods
- 3. Art. 67’s relationship with terms agreed by the parties
- III. Comparable rules
- 871–874 Article 68 871–874
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Terminology
- 2. Carrier and documents
- 3. Retroactive allocation of risk
- 4. Loss or damage to the goods
- III. Comparable Rules
- 875–878 Article 69 875–878
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Commentary
- 1. Goods placed at buyer’s disposal – at the seller’s place of business
- 2. Goods placed at buyer’s disposal – other than at the seller’s place of business
- 3. Identification
- 4. Incoterms
- III. Comparable Rules
- 879–881 Article 70 879–881
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- III. Comparable Rules
- 882–1166 Chapter V. Provisions Common to the Obligations of the Seller and of the Buyer 882–1166
- 882–955 Section I. Anticipatory breach and instalment contracts 882–955
- Introduction to Articles 71–73
- Article 71
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. The exercise of the right of suspension
- 2. Stoppage in transit
- 3. Suspension and burden of proof
- 4. Adequate assurance
- 5. Cessation of suspension
- 6. Damages
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 72
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. General
- 2. The relationship between Art. 72 paras 1 and 3
- 3. The standard of prognosis
- 4. The nature of events giving rise to the right to avoid
- 5. Burden of proof
- 6. Notice under Art. 72(2); burden of proof
- 7. Adequate assurance; burden of proof
- 8. Refusal to perform (Art. 72(3)); burden of proof
- 9. Damages and mitigation of loss
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 73
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Definition
- 2. Art. 73(1)
- 3. Art. 73(2)
- 4. Art. 73(3)
- III. Comparable Rules
- 956–1026 Section II. Damages 956–1026
- Article 74
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. General remarks
- 2. Drafting history
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Specific requirements
- 2. Limitations on damages
- 3. Calculation of damages
- 4. Specific cases
- 5. Other matters
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 75
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. General remarks
- 2. Drafting history
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Specific requirements
- 2. Calculating damages
- 3. Special considerations
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 76
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. General remarks
- 2. Drafting history
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Specific requirements
- 2. Calculating damages
- 3. Special consideration; anticipatory breach
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 77
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. General remarks
- 2. Drafting history
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Scope of application
- 2. Extent of a duty
- 3. Legal consequences
- III. Comparable Rules
- 1027–1038 Section III. Interest 1027–1038
- Article 78
- I. Drafting History, Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Scope and Requirements
- 2. Calculation
- 3. Modalities of Payment
- 4. Cessation of an Interest Claim
- III. Comparable Rules
- 1039–1089 Section IV. Exemption 1039–1089
- Article 79
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Scope of application of the norm
- 2. Prerequisites of exemption
- 3. Exemption from liability for the conduct of third persons
- 4. Risk allocation in specific cases
- 5. Contractual risk allocation
- 6. Duty to notify
- 7. Burden of proof
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 80
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Prerequisites of exemption for non-performance
- 2. Legal consequences
- 3. Burden of proof
- III. Comparable Rules
- 1090–1128 Section V. Effects of avoidance 1090–1128
- Article 81
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. Drafting history
- 2. Basis of right of avoidance
- 3. Release from performance obligations
- 4. Surviving provisions
- 5. New rights and duties
- 6. Related contracts
- 7. Agreements to avoid
- 8. Property
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Restitution of performance
- 2. Partial restitution
- 3. Concurrency and security
- 4. Place of restitution of goods
- 5. Place of restitution of price
- 6. Costs connected with restitution
- 7. Exempted parties
- 8. Time of restitution
- 9. Risk
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 82
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. Drafting history
- 2. Time available for avoidance
- 3. Availability of avoidance
- 4. Substitute goods
- 5. Loss of avoidance right in other cases
- 6. Avoidance and risk
- 7. Avoidance by the seller
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Comparison with ULIS
- 2. The condition of the goods: general
- 3. Partial avoidance
- 4. Deterioration of the goods
- 5. Exceptions to restitutionary requirement for avoidance
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 83
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. Drafting history
- 2. General
- II. Detailed Commentary
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 84
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. Drafting history
- 2. General
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Concurrency
- 2. Set-off
- 3. Payment of interest
- 4. Currency of interest
- 5. Accounting for benefits from the goods
- III. Comparable Rules
- 1129–1166 Section VI. Preservation of Goods 1129–1166
- Introduction to Articles 85–88
- Article 85
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. The function of Art. 85
- 2. Legislative history
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Conditions
- 2. Consequences
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 86
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. The function of Art. 86
- 2. Legislative history
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Buyer’s duty to preserve the goods (Art. 86(1))
- 2. Buyer’s duty to take possession of the goods (Art. 86(2))
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 87
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. The function of Art. 87
- 2. Legislative history
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Condition
- 2. Consequences
- III. Comparable Rules
- Article 88
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1. The function of Art. 88
- 2. Legislative history
- II. Detailed Commentary
- 1. Right of self-help sale (Art. 88(1))
- 2. Duty of emergency sales (Art. 88(2))
- 3. Use of proceeds of sale (Art. 88(3))
- III. Comparable Rules
- 1. Self-help and emergency sales
- 2. Electronic notice
- 1167–1202 Part IV. Final Provisions 1167–1202
- 1167–1167 Article 89 1167–1167
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Comparable Rules
- 1168–1171 Article 90 1168–1171
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- III. Comparable Rules
- 1172–1173 Article 91 1172–1173
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Comparable Rules
- 1174–1176 Article 92 1174–1176
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- Illustration 1
- Illustration 2
- Illustration 3
- 1177–1180 Article 93 1177–1180
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- III. Comparable Rules
- 1181–1184 Article 94 1181–1184
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- III. Comparable Rules
- 1185–1190 Article 95 1185–1190
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- Illustration 1
- Illustration 2
- Illustration 3
- Illustration 4
- Illustration 5
- Illustration 6
- Illustration 7
- III. Comparable Rules
- 1191–1194 Article 96 1191–1194
- I. Importance and Role of the Provision
- II. Detailed Commentary
- III. Comparable Rules
- 1195–1195 Article 97 1195–1195
- Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1196–1196 Article 98 1196–1196
- Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1197–1198 Article 99 1197–1198
- Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1199–1199 Article 100 1199–1199
- Importance and Role of the Provision
- 1200–1202 Article 101 1200–1202
- Importance and Role of the Provision
- Importance and Role of the Text
- 1203–1234 Bibliography 1203–1234
- 1235–1254 Index 1235–1254
