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Burkhard Hess, Stephanie Law - Implementing EU Consumer Rights by National Procedural Law

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Burkhard Hess (ed.), Stephanie Law (ed.)

Implementing EU Consumer Rights by National Procedural Law

Series: Beck International

Volume 2022

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Chapter 4. Actions for Collective Redress (Stefaan Voet) S. 157-176

„… class actionsfiled before civil and commercial courts was introduced.11 National Report, Question 9 …” „… , Question 9.1.2: Germany.78 National Report: Germany (German Act on Injunctive Relief, Art. 11. However, in …” „… of 11 June 2013 on common principles forinjunctive and compensatory collective redress mechanisms in …”

Chapter 3. Consumer Actions before National Courts (Burkhard Hess and Piet Taelman) S. 95-156

„… seems to be general agreement that the court cannot ex officiochange or modify the object of the claim,9 …” „… .122. Factual Allegations Made9 There is general agreement that it is primarily the responsibility of …” „… , cannot be denied if the otherparty also relied on that particular fact.9 It may however, have the power …”

Annexes S. 213-638

„… the action as usual?................................ 468Q.8.4.8 and Q.8.4.9 What steps must the …” „… officio (see section 11 below)or if the consumer raises a possible violation of consumer protection law …” „… ................................................................................................ .............................................. 497Q.9.1.1 If collective proceedings are launched, does national procedural law provide thatongoing …”

Foreword S. 1-4

„… international level, statistics werecompiled from selected databases and institutional reports.9 The MPI and the …” „… than ofconsumers).Foreword2 Hesseither in person, by telephone or Skype.9 Additional interviews were …” „… undertaken was 526. Of this, 247 were undertaken for thestudy reflected in this publication.11Each National …”

Chapter 1. General Structure of Procedural Consumer Protection (Stephanie Law) S. 9-62

„… directive might be transposed into the civil code,9 intothe consumer code,10 into the economic code11 or …” „… Consumer Disputes Directive 2013/11/EU.2 The key body of CJEU case law concerns those rules of national …” „… , enforcement is understood broadly as theimplementation of consumer law rules.Law 9B. The Implementation of EU …”

Index S. 201-202

„… ; 119;132–133FFragmentation of consumer law 11–17; 21; 27;62IImplementing legislation 9; 21Interest on late …” „… – Individual claims and 165–166– Staying of individual claims and 165–166Consumer concept 5–6; 9; 23–35; 57–58 …” „… ; 120–121; 127; 153; 183Principle of effectiveness 1; 9; 29; 117–121;124–125; 127; 152Principle of effet …”

Chapter 5. Consumer Alternative Dispute Resolution (Chris Hodges) S. 177-200

„… : Denmark.9 National Report, Question 10: Sweden.10 National Report, Question 10: The Netherlands.11 …” „… . Directive 2013/11/EU therefore provides (Arts. 9(b) and (c)), that, beforeagreeing or following a proposed …” „… consumer-trader disputes (model 2).9 It is important not to confuse these two meanings. In relation to model 1 …”

Executive Summary S. 5-8

„… 2013/11/EU of 21 May 2013 on alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes andamending Regulation …” „… , nationaljudges simply disregard the pertinent case law of the ECJ qualifying it as “erroneous”.9 Generally, civil …” „… enforce-ment of mortgages and notarial deeds.11 aa) Ordinary Proceedings. In ordinary proceedings, the ex …”

Chapter 2. Access to Justice (Remo Caponi and Janek Tomasz Nowak) S. 63-94

„… to Justice (Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1978), vol I, 9.2 Airey v. Ireland (1979) 2 EHRR 305 [24]-[25] The …” „… ;9 the situation is no different for consumer lawlitigation.108The costs of judicial proceedings are …” „… notat all relevant (1).8 See SurveyMonkey Online Questionnaire, Questions 39, 46, 53, and 99.9 Mathias …”

doi.org/10.17104/9783406795305

Burkhard Hess, Pietro Ortolani - Impediments of National Procedural Law to the Free Movement of Judgments

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Burkhard Hess (ed.), Pietro Ortolani (ed.)

Impediments of National Procedural Law to the Free Movement of Judgments

Series: Beck International

Volume 2022

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Bibliography S. 247-254

„… ).Mayer, Pierre and Heuzé, Vincent, Droit international privé (LGDJ 11th ed. 2014).Nioche, Marie, La …” „… , Note on Cass. Civ. 1ère, 11 December 2001, Case no 00-18.547, J. Dr. Int. 2003, 152.Muir Watt, Horatia …” „… , Note on Cass. Civ. 1ère, 11 December 2001, Case no 00-18.547, Rev. Crit. DIP 2002,p. 317.Niggemann …”

Index S. 241-244

„… 96–98– Leave to Appeal 4 12–16, 109–118– Limitations 4 2– Notice of 4 10–11– Particulars ofsee Notice of …” „… services– Postman 2 19see also ServiceProtest (Einspruch) 2 82; 5 9Provisional Measures– Arrestsee …” „… 12– Plausible Existence of the Right 3 13– Protective Measures 3 11– Provisional Attachment 3 1 et …”

Chapter 5. Specific Instruments (Xandra Kramer) S. 207-240

„… 861/2007 of 11 July 2007 establishing a European Small Claims Procedure [2007]OJ L199/1, Art. 2 (ESCP …” „… beprovided to a debtor, methods of service as well as a review possibility.9 These areminimum standards that …” „… have added value in practice.11I. Implementation: Competence, Certification and Review1. Competence for …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… , Wilhelmstraße 9, 80801 München, Germany,eMail: bestellung@beck.deCo-published byHart Publishing, Kemp House …” „… , Chawley Park, Cumnor Hill, Oxford, OX2 9PH, United Kingdom,online at: www.hartpub.co.ukandNomos …” „… 978-3-8487-5864-7 (NOMOS)© 2019 Verlag C.H.Beck oHGWilhelmstr. 9, 80801 MünchenPrinted in Germany byKösel GmbH & Co …”

Chapter 2. Default Procedures and Judgments in Cross-border Settings (Paul Oberhammer, Florian Scholz, Katharina Auernig and Julius Schumann) S. 89-130

„… . These questions will be dealtwith in a subsequent Section of this chapter.32. Problems and Assessment9An …” „… service that arespecifically problematic in situations where the defendant does not enter an appearance.11 …” „… Default bythe Court.4 See Chapter 1, Section A.III.5 According to the CJEU’s ruling in C-326/11, Alder …”

Chapter 3. Provisional Measures (Gilles Cuniberti and Eva Storskrubb) S. 131-162

„… .2. Availability and Grounds for Provisional Attachment9 Based on the National Reports, such a …” „… “TheHeidelberg Report” (n 3).9 A. Dickinson and E. Lein, The Brussels I Regulation Recast (OUP 2015) 425.10 …” „… third party, whereas the modelin England & Wales, Ireland and Malta11 is that the so called freezing …”

Annexes S. 255-480

„… recipient is unknown. Fictitious service is performed by public notice (CJPchapter 11 § 9). Information of …” „… , Alder v. Orłowski, C‐325/11 or because thedefendant domiciled abroad is a citizen of the Member State of …” „… . situations such as reported in CJUE, Alder v. Orłowski, C-325/11 or because the defendant domiciled abroad is …”

Chapter 1. A Classic Cross-border Case: the Usual Situation in the First Instance (Fernando Gascón Inchausti and Marta Requejo Isidro) S. 5-88

„… Cross-border Case: the Usual Situation in the First Instance6 Gascón Inchausti/Requejo Isidro9a) Option 1 …” „… unsuccessful.11Still, in light of the National Reports and the case law reproduced we have concludedthat the …” „… ActionGascón Inchausti/Requejo Isidro 9parties, thus deterring stakeholders from commencing litigation or, one …”

Foreword S. 1-4

„… level, statistics werecompiled from selected databases and institutional reports.9 The MPI and the …” „… 526. Of this, 279 were undertaken for thestudy reflected in this publication.11 Each National Reporter …”

Chapter 4. Appeal and Third Instance (Christoph Kern and Karol Weitz) S. 163-206

„… circumstances9.6 In England and Wales10, irrespective of CPR 52.1(3)(d) which states that “‘appellant’means a …” „… . Tewkesbury Borough Council (MA Holdings LTD intervening)11that the abovementioned provision does not …” „… must be serveddirectly on the other party18.9 Some countries distinguish between a notice of appeal …”

doi.org/10.17104/9783406795299

Heribert Gierl, Andrea Gröppel-Klein, Lutz Hildebrandt, Hans Mühlbacher, Henrik Sattler, Udo Wagner, Joachim Zentes - Marketing ZFP

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Marketing ZFP

Browse Volumes: Marketing ZFP

MAR Volume 28 (2006) Issue JRM 2 ISSN Online: 0344-1369

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Enar Ruiz Conde, Peter S. H. Leeflang Diffusion of Franchising as an Innovation of Managerial Organization S. 65-75

„… Managerial Organization66 MARKETING · JRM · 2/20060200400600800100012001 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 …” „… 23 25Times e rie 2 s e rie 6 s e rie 70,001,002,003,004,005,006,007,008,001 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 …” „… ) (E3 = 0.35) E3 = 0 E3 = 0.075 E3 = 0.350501001502002503001 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25Timeserie1 …”

Harald Hruschka Statistical and Managerial Relevance of Aggregation Level and Heterogeneity in Sales Response Models S. 94-102

„… 3 28.63 1.34 4 37.4 1.19 5 19.79 1.64 6 6.57 1.74 7 19.2 1.24 8 11.94 1.50 9 6.10 2.32 Average 19.39 …” „… 214.82 41.60 21.74 % 8 307.85 517.74 174.39 41.51 26.43 % 9 53.05 54.79 149.08 8.85 26.95 % Table 1 …” „… , pmt, pmtc ). (9)Chain-level elasticities are important as they determineoptimal pricing decisions on …”

Sandra Praxmarer Is Beauty Best Even for the Less Beautiful? S. 103-114

„… ) 3.11.9123456low highModel's BeautyAttitudes toward Product1.92.9123456low highModel's BeautyAttitudes toward …” „… )2.62.1123456low highModel's BeautyPurchase Intention3.11.9123456low highModel's BeautyPurchase Intention low …” „… high Female consumers’ own perceived beauty nocases 1 2n = 9 no test n = 55 t = 2,27p < 5% n = 41 t …”

Heribert Gierl, Julia Koncz Cognitively Uncontrolled Spillover Effects of Brand-Name Prizes in Advertisements S. 76-93

„… discountAlltoursTUI none discountAlltoursTUI none 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Advertised travel company: discount …” „… TeamstarPirelli Michelinnone TeamstarPirelli Michelinnone4 3 2 1 8 7 6 5 12 11 10 9 Advertised car tire brand …” „… Fiat VW Mercedesnone5 10 6 11 8 4 2 12 7 9 1 3 Note. The number denotes the experimental group which …”

doi.org/10.15358/0344-1369-2006-JRM-2

Thomas Wunder - Essentials of Strategic Management

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Thomas Wunder

Essentials of Strategic Management

2023

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References S. 567-604

„… 567 ReferencesAaker, D. A. (2011): Strategic Market Management, 9th ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley …” „… : https://www.bayer.com/en/commitments/our-values (accessed: 11/10/2022).Bazerman, M. H./Moore, D. A. (2013): Judgment in Managerial Decision Making …” „… : Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 45, pp. 9–19.Booz Allen Hamilton (2003): Carl Bertelsmann-Preis 2003 …”

1 Strategic Management Foundations S. 19-108

„… explain how to make strategic management effective and describe its expected benefits1.1 What Is …” „… divisions.Strategic Snapshot 1.1»Few large corporations live even half as long as a person«»Few large corporations …” „… 1 Strategic Management Foundations1 Strategic Management Foundations1.1 What Is …”

Appendix: Strategy Workout and Review Questions S. 545-566

„… process considering its sustainability context. How can it be improved? 9. Analyze the principal business …” „… your business model toward sustainability.11. Is your company currently engaged in business ecosystems …” „… .« Is this a strategy? Explain your answer.9. How can a realized strategy arise? In this context …”

PART II Bringing It into Reality: From Strategy to Action and Control S. 345-544

„… , Kaplan/Norton: 2008: 3 f. and 2001: 1 f., Huber 2006: 45, Niven 2002: 9–11, Al-Laham 1997: 461). »In the …” „… 2002: 9–11).Leaders do not spend enough time on strategyLeadership barrierPeople do not understand the …” „… ; Horváth & Partner GmbH 2008: 9). Also, the half-life period of strategies has been shortened making it …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-18

„… http://dnb.dnb.de/.Print: ISBN 978-3-7910-5768-2 Bestell-Nr. 20635-0002ePub: ISBN 978-3-7910-5769-9 Bestell-Nr …” „… of America, I had the chance to not only consult on the topic but to practice Preface | 9 it myself …” „… 20 countries and learn Preface | 11 from strategy discussions in highly intercultural management …”

PART I Developing Strategies: Strategic Analysis, Ideation, and Choice S. 109-344

„… .« (Chandler/Werther 2014: 11) The Stakeholder Management approach, conceptually originating prior to Sharehold-er …” „… Snapshot 3.9 in chapter 3.6.1.5). Based on this understanding, analyzing a company’s interaction with …” „… (see chapter 1.1). In general, the future is hard to anticipate or even shape. Although the long-term …”

doi.org/10.34156/9783791057705

Wolfgang Weiß - WTO Law and Domestic Regulation

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Wolfgang Weiß

WTO Law and Domestic Regulation

Series: Beck International

Volume 2021

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B. Globalisation’s Challenges to Domestic Regulatory Autonomy S. 4-8

„… inauguration – inter alia – of the ECSC and the EEC, and became globallyreinforced after 11/09.9 All of these …” „… institutions. It is closelyrelated to constitutional concepts of statehood and democracy.9 In traditional …” „… national interests to other values or to interna-tional pressure.11Hence, we face a somehow contradictory …”

A. Regulation: its Notion, Rationales, Instruments and Convergence S. 17-22

„… seq.2 Majone, Regulating Europe (1996, reprint 2005), 9.17broader approach may be integrated here …” „… , National Regulation and Trade Liberalization in Services (2003), 11, 40.8 Ogus, Regulation: Legal Form and …” „… its benefits or implies negative external effects like environment pollution.9However, as regards the …”

C. WTO Law Ambivalences with regard to Domestic Regulatory Autonomy S. 8-15

„… road from non-discrimination tomarket access in GATS’ (2007) WTRev 6, 1 at 11 et seq.2 As Weiler puts …” „… regulate.9 Similar confessions are containedin the 6th recital to the TBT preamble and the 1st recital to …” „… economic policies.11 In a globalized world of close trade-relationsbetween nations, what were formerly seen …”

B. A Very Brief Account of Core Achievements of EU Law S. 51-61

„… : rethinking sovereignty in Europe’ (2008) JIEL 11, 5at 9 portrays this line of jurisprudence as “perhaps the …” „… cooperation in certain sensitive home affairs and in commonforeign and security policy in form of the EU.9To …” „… Principle, Expansion of Justifications)11A pivotal example of the direct impact on national regulation of …”

D. Market Access Rules S. 206-229

„… : the road from non-discrimination to market access inGATS’ (2007) WTRev, 1 at 2, 9–11.Chapter 3 …” „… Article XI GATT.9 Compared to this, the regulatory disciplines of Article III:4 GATTare much less …” „… competitive opportunities of imported products”.11 Hence, pro-tecting competitive opportunities aims at …”

G. Harmonization from within: WTO “secondary law” and soft law S. 353-371

„… . Despite, they were deemed by a panel not to be legally binding.9 Never-theless the Disciplines were …” „… 12 SPS, para 20.9 Panel, WT/DS392/R, para 7.136 – US – Poultry from China. Another panel, WT/DS231 …” „… /R,para 7.679, fn. 1197 – India – Importation of Certain Agricultural Products.11 See panel, WT/DS406/R …”

C. The Notion of Non-Discrimination S. 109-206

„… Suchinterpretation is proposed when WTO national treatment is interpreted to ban allunnecessary domestic regulations9 …” „… shaping the WTO of the future.9 Verhoosel, National Treatment and WTO Dispute Settlement (2002), 76, 78 …” „… facially11 non-discriminatory provisions12) suffice for a determi-nation of a prohibited discrimination on …”

B. Interpretation and Application of WTO core rules and the “Finality” of the WTO S. 81-109

„… by judicial mediation”.Chapter 3. Conceiving Core Principles of WTO Law821. The liberal model9The …” „… supply‘public goods’ considered more important than trade liberalisation.9 As constitutionalvalue is attributed …” „… consumersand respective rights to health, clean environment or safe working conditions.11Consumer rights like …”

B. The Need for and the Basic Structures of International Rationality Requirements and Regulatory Concepts S. 289-296

„… with Article 5 SPS Agreement, also with regard to theexistence of the risk to be addressed.9 …” „… Certain Agricultural Products.9 For the interpretation of these requirements of Article 2.2 SPS Agreement …” „… rulesand whose application is not premised on the identification of differential impact.11 Inthe SPS …”

C. Caveat on Transferring Lessons from the EU: Differences between EU and WTO S. 61-75

„… a customs union nor a free trade area.9 There is nointegrationist aim of building an Internal or …” „… of GATS.11 The progressive liberal-ization, however, depends on multilateral services negotiations …” „… objectives in Treaty onEuropean Union (TEU), art 1–3 and 21.9 von Bogdandy, ‘Law and Politics in the WTO …”

D. Non-WTO International Law in WTO Dispute Settlement S. 410-423

„… Role and Use of non-WTO International Law inWTO Judicial Practice62 Article 1.1 DSU determines the law …” „… international instruments. Likewise, Article 3.2, Article 11and Article 19.2 DSU could be seen to limit the …” „… jurisdictionalso with regard to issues raised in a WTO dispute about (in)consistency with free tradeagreements9 …”

E. Procedural Harmonisation S. 339-343

„… transparency requirementsare Article X:1–2 GATT, Article III:1–3 GATS, and Article 2.9–2.128, 5.6–5.9 …” „… ofadministrative procedures or standards for administrative procedures (like due processprovisions9) which have to …” „… /AB/R, para 290 – US– Clove Cigarettes.9 See Barak-Erez and Perez, ‘Whose Administrative Law is it …”

B. Benefits of Domestic Regulation and Regulatory Diversity S. 22-29

„… , occupation andwealth.9 Nevertheless, one must bear in mind that even national regulation servesconstitutional …” „… remedies for particularproblems.11 Additionally, compared to the social progress, the development of …” „… thearbitrage of regulatory environments. Thus, states are subject to an economically9 Cf. Petersmann …”

A. Restraining Regulatory Autonomy: Harmonisation, Standardisation, and Mutual Recognition S. 285-289

„… due to their differentsources and hence diverse legal requirements and consequences.9 The term …” „… regulatory concepts and hence will work ratherindirectly.11The above categorization and phenomenology of …” „… ) Regulation & Governance, 1 at 11,referring to an unpublished paper by Conti; Rigod, Optimal Regulation and …”

C. The Specific Threats to Domestic Regulatory Autonomy in Regulating Trade in Services S. 29-39

„… processes ofproduction.9 The wording of GATS rules demonstrates that trade in services is concernedboth with …” „… Trade (2014), 1 at 4; Low, Rethinking Services in a ChangingWorld (2016), 19.9 Djordjevic, ‘Domestic …” „… discriminatory interventions11 that provide for requirements for thesupply of services. As a consequence, most …”

D. Rationality Requirement: Risk Assessment under the SPS Agreement S. 312-339

„… and to the determination ofthe appropriate measures to achieve this level9; these issues are mentioned …” „… difficulties of adminis-trative controls.11 Article 5.2 SPS Agreement refers to other factors besides …” „… Gruszczynski, Regulating Health and Environmental Risks under WTO Law (2010), 149.9 See the definition of risk …”

F. Recognition and Equivalency Requirements S. 343-353

„… , internationalstandardization provisions and WTO disciplines on recognition of foreign standardscomplement each other9, as is …” „… is an “obligation of good behaviour”.11Similar in its lack of strict legal obligation, Article VII:1 …” „… exigencies of Article VII GATS aremet.9 Trachtman, ‘Regulatory Jurisdiction and the WTO’ (2007) JIEL, 631 at …”

A. The Mission of this Book: Identifying the Determinants of the WTO’s Impact on Domestic Regulatory Autonomy S. 1-4

„… inauguration – inter alia – of the ECSC and the EEC, and became globallyreinforced after 11/09.9 All of these …” „… ), Trade andHuman Health and Safety (2006), 9.4 All of these rules have been identified to be a risk to …”

C. Burden of Proof S. 395-410

„… WTO judiciary, as was illustrated in EC- Hormones.9 This rathersimple interconnection is confirmed by …” „… (2003), 169 et seq.9 Foster, Science and the Precautionary Principle in International Courts and …” „… reluctance of WTO members in adopting domestic SPS measures.11 In this way,procedural issues in WTO dispute …”

Bibliography S. 423-442

„… Flexibility?’ (2006) Journal ofInternational Economic Law 9, 865.Adlung, Rudolph and Roy, Martin, ‘Turning …” „… ), Science and Technology in International Economic Law (Routledge, London, New York,2014), 11 …” „… Europe’ (2008)JIEL 11, 5–41.Jara, Alejandro and del Carmen Domínguez, Marta, ‘Liberalization of Trade in …”

B. The Standard of Review in WTO Law S. 379-395

„… standard of review for the allocation of jurisdictional powersbetween WTO members and the WTO.11 …” „… vanDamme (eds) The Oxford Handbook of International Trade Law (2009), 378 at 380.9 See Stone Sweet, ‘On the …” „… Courts and Tribunals (2014), 91 at 92 et seq.11 See Appellate Body, WT/DS26, 48/AB/R, para 115 – EC …”

C. Harmonisation from the outside: International Standards under the TBT and the SPS Agreement S. 296-312

„… TradeGovernance and Social Regulation (2006), 199 at 210.9 The definition of international standards in Annex A to …” „… .”11 The Appellate Body also reminded of Article 12.2which provides for the SPS Committee to “encourage …” „… Bossche and Zdouc, The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization (4thEdition, 2017), 953.11 See …”

D. Interpreting WTO Core Disciplines means Allocating Regulatory Jurisdiction among Trading Nations S. 39-46

„… DomesticRegulation of Goods’ in: Berman and Mavroidis (eds), Trade and Human Health and Safety (2006), 9 at55 et seq …” „… character, inconsistent withArticle XX (g) GATT9, and later in EC Seal Products with regard to the public …” „… the societal9 See again WT/DS58/AB/R, para. 121 – US – Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and …”

E. Conceptualising Exceptions Provisions S. 229-281

„… a stronger legal status of the values enshrined in the exception provisions derivedtherefrom.11 This …” „… either8 See the Appellate Body, WT/DS8/AB/R, WT/DS10/AB/R, WT/DS11/AB/R, para 75 – Japan – Taxeson …” „… 1974.9 W. Weiß, ‘Security and Predictability under WTO law’ (2003) WTRev, 183 at 188–189.10 Zleptnig …”

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